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Imaging characteristics of photogrammetric camera systems

In view of the current interest in high-altitude and space photographic systems for photogrammetric mapping, the United States Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) undertook a comprehensive research project designed to explore the practical aspects of applying the latest image quality evaluation techniques to the analysis of such systems. The project had two direct objectives: (1) to evaluate the imaging characteristics of current U.S.G.S. photogrammetric camera systems; and (2) to develop methodologies for predicting the imaging capabilities of photogrammetric camera systems, comparing conventional systems with new or different types of systems, and analyzing the image quality of photographs. Image quality was judged in terms of a number of evaluation factors including response functions, resolving power, and the detectability and measurability of small detail. The limiting capabilities of the U.S.G.S. 6-inch and 12-inch focal length camera systems were established by analyzing laboratory and aerial photographs in terms of these evaluation factors. In the process, the contributing effects of relevant parameters such as lens aberrations, lens aperture, shutter function, image motion, film type, and target contrast procedures for analyzing image quality and predicting and comparing performance capabilities.

Photogrammetria

Progress in remote sensing (1972-1976)

This report concerns the progress in remote sensing during the period 1972–1976. Remote sensing has been variously defined but is basically the art or science of telling something about an object without touching it. During the past four years, the major research thrusts have been in three areas: (1) computer-assisted enhancement and interpretation systems; (2) earth science applications of Landsat data; (3) and investigations of the usefulness of observations of luminescence, thermal infrared, and microwave energies. Based on the data sales at the EROS Data Center, the largest users of the Landsat data are industrial companies, followed by government agencies (both national and foreign), and academic institutions. Thermal surveys from aircraft have become largely operational, however, significant research is being undertaken in the field of thermal modeling and analysis of high altitude images. Microwave research is increasing rapidly and programs are being developed for satellite observations. Microwave research is concentrating on oil spill detection, soil moisture measurement, and observations of ice distributions. Luminescence investigations offer promise for becoming a quantitative method of assessing vegetation stress and pollutant concentrations.

Photogrammetria

Analytical multicollimator camera calibration

Calibration with the U.S. Geological survey multicollimator determines the calibrated focal length, the point of symmetry, the radial distortion referred to the point of symmetry, and the asymmetric characteristiecs of the camera lens. For this project, two cameras were calibrated, a Zeiss RMK A 15/23 and a Wild RC 8. Four test exposures were made with each camera. Results are tabulated for each exposure and averaged for each set. Copies of the standard USGS calibration reports are included. ?? 1978.

Photogrammetria

Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies-A progress report

Photogrammetry has played an important role in geologic mapping for many years; however, only recently have attempts been made to automate mapping functions for geology. Computer-assisted photogrammetric mapping systems for geologic studies have been developed and are currently in use in offices of the Geological Survey of Greenland at Copenhagen, Denmark, and the U.S. Geological Survey at Denver, Colorado. Though differing somewhat, the systems are similar in that they integrate Kern PG-2 photogrammetric plotting instruments and small desk-top computers that are programmed to perform special geologic functions and operate flat-bed plotters by means of specially designed hardware and software. A z-drive capability, in which stepping motors control the z-motions of the PG-2 plotters, is an integral part of both systems. This feature enables the computer to automatically position the floating mark on computer-calculated, previously defined geologic planes, such as contacts or the base of coal beds, throughout the stereoscopic model in order to improve the mapping capabilities of the instrument and to aid in correlation and tracing of geologic units. The common goal is to enhance the capabilities of the PG-2 plotter and provide a means by which geologists can make conventional geologic maps more efficiently and explore ways to apply computer technology to geologic studies. ?? 1981.

Photogrammetria

Photogrammetric camera calibration

Section 2 (Calibration) of the document "Recommended Procedures for Calibrating Photogrammetric Cameras and Related Optical Tests" from the International Archives of Photogrammetry, Vol. XIII, Part 4, is reviewed in the light of recent practical work, and suggestions for changes are made. These suggestions are intended as a basis for a further discussion. ?? 1984.

Photogrammetria

Digital image transformation and rectification of spacecraft and radar images

Digital image transformation and rectification can be described in three categories: (1) digital rectification of spacecraft pictures on workable stereoplotters; (2) digital correction of radar image geometry; and (3) digital reconstruction of shaded relief maps and perspective views including stereograms. Digital rectification can make high-oblique pictures workable on stereoplotters that would otherwise not accommodate such extreme tilt angles. It also enables panoramic line-scan geometry to be used to compile contour maps with photogrammetric plotters. Rectifications were digitally processed on both Viking Orbiter and Lander pictures of Mars as well as radar images taken by various radar systems. By merging digital terrain data with image data, perspective and three-dimensional views of Olympus Mons and Tithonium Chasma, also of Mars, are reconstructed through digital image processing. ?? 1985.

Photogrammetria

Le stereorestituteur Kelsh

Le stéréorestituteur Kelsh est un appareil de restitution à double projection basé sur le principe des anaglyphes, comme le Multiplex par exemple, mais il a une plus grande précision que ce dernier, vu que les négatifs sont utilisés directement pour la restitution, sans que l'on soit obligé de les réduire au préalable. Une telle solution devient possible lorsque l'échelle de l'image plastique (modèle) est au moins 7 fois plus grande que celle des clichés. L'appareil comprend un support reposant par 4 pieds sur la table à dessin. Sa partie supérieure porte, par l'intermédiaire de trois vis calantes, un cadre dans lequel les deux chambres de projection sont suspendues. Des leviers de commande, agissant sur les chambres, permettent d'introduire la base, le déversement et les inclinaisons transversale et longitudinale. Les clichés conjugués ou des diapositifs sont directement placés dans les chambres de projection munies d'objectifs. En projetant les deux clichés au moyen de couleurs complémentaires, l'observateur — muni de lunettes à verres colorés (couleurs complémentaires) — observe l'image plastique audessus de la table à dessin, l'orientation relative des chambres ayant été établie au préalable. Pour le report des points de l'image plastique sur la minute, l'opérateur dispose d'une tablette amovible à marque-repère lumineuse qu'il déplace à la main et dont la hauteur au-dessus de la table à dessin peut être commandée par une molette. Pour établir l'orientation absolue de l'image plastique, il suffit d'incliner convenablement le cadre de suspension à l'aide des vis calantes, l'orientation relative n'étant pas détruite par cette opération. Les deux clichés sont éclairés par des projecteurs munis d'une suspension à la cardan et reliés à la tablette de restitution par des tiges télescopiques. Moyennant ce dispositif, l'éclairage est concentré sur deux petites régions conjuguées des clichés et l'observateur ne voit ainsi qu'une petite partie de l'image spatiale, ce qui présente l'avantage de ne pas l'éblouir. D'autre part, les tiges télescopiques impriment, suivant l'inclinaison, un déplacement vertical plus ou moins prononcé aux objectifs de projection, ce qui permet d'éliminer les erreurs de distorsion. Pour les travaux de triangulation aérienne, l'auteur propose d'appliquer la méthode des plaques à fontes radiales (templets). Pour le passage d'un modèle à l'autre, l'orientation spatiale des chambres de restitution est déterminée au moyen d'une nivelle placée sur les clichés. Un premier essai a été effectué sur 7 modèles (échelle des clichés 1/34000) et après compensation l'erreur probable altimétrique des douze points connus s'est élevée à 1.50 m tandis que l'erreur maximum était de 4 m. L'erreur altimétrique des restitutions effectuées par le U.S. Forest Service en Californie avec des clichés ou 1/48000, où les différences de niveau dépassaient parfois 600 m par cliché, varie entre 1 m et 2.70 m.

Photogrammetria