Book Review: Fish and shellfish pathology: A. E. Ellis, editor; 1985; Academic Press, Florida
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In vivo and in vitro transfer of trout spleen sections for early analysis of the immune response
To determine the earliest time after in vivo immunisation that the spleen could be excised and held in vitro to detect an immune response, lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) were exposed to DNP-Ficoll or Yersinia ruckeri O antigen administered by intraperitoneal injection or by bath. The spleens were excised from the fish at selected times after immunisation, placed in vitro and held in tissue culture media at 14°C until 10 days after the in vivo immunisation. They then were analysed for an immune response by counting the numbers of plaqueforming cells (PFC). PFC were first detected in samples taken 3 days after injection with either antigen. With bath immunisation, however, PFC were first seen 6 days post-immunisation when using the Y. ruckeri O antigen and no PFC above background levels appeared in fish bathed in the DNP-Ficoll solution. On day 10 after immunisation, the spleens taken directly from immunised fish always produced more PFC than when the spleens were taken through in vitro culture. A unique feature of this method, is that an immune response to an antigen may be detected by excising the spleen and holding it in in vitro culture without necessarily holding the fish for long periods of time after antigen injection or bath. This technique also adds more information on how rapidly the bacterins or antigens are processed by fish to initiate an immune response.
Fish and Shellfish Pathology↗
To understand coral disease, look at coral cells
Diseases threaten corals globally, but 40 years on their causes remain mostly unknown. We hypothesize that inconsistent application of a complete diagnostic approach to coral disease has contributed to this slow progress. We quantified methods used to investigate coral disease in 492 papers published between 1965 and 2013. Field surveys were used in 65% of the papers, followed by biodetection (43%), laboratory trials (20%), microscopic pathology (21%), and field trials (9%). Of the microscopic pathology efforts, 57% involved standard histopathology at the light microscopic level (12% of the total investigations), with the remainder dedicated to electron or fluorescence microscopy. Most (74%) biodetection efforts focused on culture or molecular characterization of bacteria or fungi from corals. Molecular and immunological tools have been used to incriminate infectious agents (mainly bacteria) as the cause of coral diseases without relating the agent to specific changes in cell and tissue pathology. Of 19 papers that declared an infectious agent as a cause of disease in corals, only one (5%) used microscopic pathology, and none fulfilled all of the criteria required to satisfy Koch’s postulates as applied to animal diseases currently. Vertebrate diseases of skin and mucosal surfaces present challenges similar to corals when trying to identify a pathogen from a vast array of environmental microbes, and diagnostic approaches regularly used in these cases might provide a model for investigating coral diseases. We hope this review will encourage specialists of disease in domestic animals, wildlife, fish, shellfish, and humans to contribute to the emerging field of coral disease.
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