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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

USGS2010

Acute toxicity of diphacinone in Northern bobwhite: Effects on survival and blood clotting

The anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone was slightly toxic (acute oral LD 50 2014 mg/kg) to Northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) in a 14-day acute toxicity trial. Precise and sensitive assays of blood clotting (prothrombin time, Russell’s Viper venom time, and thrombin clotting time) were adapted for use in quail, and this combination of assays is recommended to measure the effects of anticoagulant rodenticides. A single oral sublethal dose of diphacinone (434 mg/kg body weight) prolonged clotting time at 48 h post-dose compared to controls. At 783 mg/kg (approximate LD 02 ), clotting time was prolonged at both 24 and 48 h post-dose. Prolongation of in vitro clotting time reflects impaired coagulation complex activity, and was detected before overt signs of toxicity were apparent at the greatest dosages (2868 and 3666 mg/kg) in the acute toxicity trial. These clotting time assays and toxicity data will assist in the development of a pharmacodynamic model to predict toxicity, and also facilitate rodenticide hazard and risk assessments in avian species.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety↗

USGS2025

Exposure of infants to antibiotics via cord blood, breast milk, and formula: A review on exposure level, temporal variation, and risk assessment

The pervasive use of antibiotics across various sectors, including agriculture, medicine, and aquaculture, has led to a notable increase in environmental antibiotic residues. This phenomenon has raised significant public concern regarding the potential health risks antibiotics may pose, particularly to vulnerable populations such as infants. However, the conceptualization of exposure routes of antibiotics to infants and the associated health risks has not been conducted. This review summarized three main pathways infants are exposed to antibiotics, including umbilical cord blood, breast milk, and infant formula. Antibiotic exposure levels in infants were synthesized, examining spatial and temporal trends in antibiotic concentrations across different media through clinical testing. We also analyzed the doses of antibiotics consumed by infants over time through breast milk and formula, evaluating the associated risks. Furthermore, we explored the potential adverse effects of early-life antibiotic exposure on the infant gut microbiota, physical development, and multiple organ systems. Given the global significance of antibiotic distribution, it is pertinent to comprehensively monitor antibiotic concentrations in infants and conduct longitudinal follow-up studies on their growth and development, accurately quantifying and assessing the impacts on fetal and infant health.

Journal of Hazardous Materials↗

USGS2019

Use of blood clotting assays to assess potential anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and effects in free-ranging birds of prey

Non-target wildlife, particularly birds of prey, are widely exposed to and acutely poisoned by anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). An unresolved issue surrounding such exposure, however, is the potential for sublethal effects. In particular, the consequences of AR exposure and resulting coagulopathy on health and survival of unintentionally exposed animals, which often encounter a multitude of anthropogenic stressors, are understudied. In a wildlife rehabilitation setting, AR intoxication may be masked by more obvious injuries related to collision with vehicles or electrocution, thereby obfuscating proximate from ultimate cause of mortality. An assessment of coagulation function of admitted wildlife may provide a means of identifying animals exhibiting sublethal coagulopathy, and ultimately ensuring provision of appropriate and swift treatment. In conjunction with routine diagnostics for injury and disease, we performed two blood clotting assays (prothrombin time, Russell's viper venom time) affected by vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy of samples from six species of live raptors admitted to a rehabilitation facility. We also measured clotting time in pre-fledgling barn owl chicks ( Tyto furcata ) from 10 nest sites in Lower Mainland Canada. Prolonged clotting time or failure to form a clot altogether was observed in 23.0% of 61 sampled raptors admitted to the rehabilitation facility. This is a biologically significant proportion of individuals given the fortuitous and likely biased nature by which raptors are found and admitted to rehabilitation facilities. In contrast, there was little evidence of coagulopathy in 19 pre-fledgling barn owl chicks. The utility of avian coagulation tests for diagnosing AR exposure is promising, yet there remains a need to establish species specific reference values and standardize assay methodologies among testing facilities.

Science of the Total Environment↗

USGS2019

Reference intervals for blood-based biochemical analytes of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears

Accurate reference intervals (RI) for commonly measured blood-based analytes are essential for health monitoring programs. Baseline values for a panel of analytes can be used to monitor physiologic and pathophysiologic processes such as organ function, electrolyte balance, and protein catabolism. Our reference population includes 651 serum samples from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation sampled in Alaska, USA, between 1983 - 2016. To establish RI for 13 biochemical analytes, we defined specific criteria for characterizing the reference population and relevant subgroups. To account for differences in seasonal life history characteristics, we determined separate RI for the spring and fall seasons, when prey availability and energetic requirements of bears differ. We established RI for five subgroups in spring based on sex, age class, and denning status, and three subgroups in fall based on sex and age class in females. Alkaline phosphatase activities were twice as high in subadult as in adult polar bears in spring (zmales = 4.08, Pmales < 0.001, zfemales = 3.90, Pfemales < 0.001), and did not differ between seasons. Denning females had significantly higher glucose concentrations than non-denning females (z = 4.94, P < 0.001), possibly reflecting differences in energy expenditure during lactation. Ten of the 13 analytes differed significantly between seasons in either males or females; however, the physiologic importance of these differences may be minimal. Establishing these RI allows for temporal monitoring of polar bear health in the southern Beaufort Sea and may prove useful for assessing and monitoring additional polar bear subpopulations in a changing Arctic environment.

Alaska↗

USGS2006

Antigen-binding cells in the peripheral blood of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum, induced by immersion or intraperitoneal injection of Vibrio languilarum bacterin

We used an immunocytoadherence assay to monitor the response of antigen-binding cells (ABC) in the peripheral blood of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka , after immersion in, or intraperitoneal injection of, Vibrio anguillarum LS 1–74 bacterin. Both methods initiated an elevated ABC response in less than one day; this response persisted one week longer in the injected than in the immersed fish.

Journal of Fish Biology↗

USGS2006

Sanguinicola fontinalis sp. Nov., (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae): A blood parasite of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), and longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes)

Sanguinicola fontinalis sp. nov., from the branchial, renal and cardiac blood vessels of brook trout. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), and longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes), is described. The new species most closely resembles, hut differs from, Sanguinicola davisi of steelhead and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. The adult differs from all known North American species in having 29–33 lateral tufts of blunt spines. The snail host is Leptoxis (Mudalia) carinata (Bruquière, 1792). Lodged and migrating miracidia caused considerable gill damage in the brook trout, resulting in high mortality when the fish were moved. To remove the hazard, the most severely affected brook trout were destroyed and the ponds drained and disinfected. Adult worms from Pennsylvania brook trout and West Virginia longnose dace were studied, as well as infected snails.

Journal of Fish Diseases↗

USGS2004

Prevalence and differential host-specificity of two avian blood parasite genera in the Australo-Papuan region

The degree to which widespread avian blood parasites in the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus pose a threat to novel hosts depends in part on the degree to which they are constrained to a particular host or host family. We examined the host distribution and host-specificity of these parasites in birds from two relatively understudied and isolated locations: Australia and Papua New Guinea. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we detected infection in 69 of 105 species, representing 44% of individuals surveyed (n = 428). Across host families, prevalence of Haemoproteus ranged from 13% (Acanthizidae) to 56% (Petroicidae) while prevalence of Plasmodium ranged from 3% (Petroicidae) to 47% (Ptilonorhynchidae). We recovered 78 unique mitochondrial lineages from 155 sequences. Related lineages of Haemoproteus were more likely to derive from the same host family than predicted by chance at shallow (average LogDet genetic distance = 0, n = 12, P = 0.001) and greater depths (average distance = 0.014, n = 11, P < 0.001) within the parasite phylogeny. Within two major Haemoproteus subclades identified in a maximum likelihood phylogeny, host-specificity was evident up to parasite genetic distances of 0.029 and 0.007 based on logistic regression. We found no significant host relationship among lineages of Plasmodium by any method of analysis. These results support previous evidence of strong host-family specificity in Haemoproteus and suggest that lineages of Plasmodium are more likely to form evolutionarily-stable associations with novel hosts.

Molecular Ecology↗

USGS2014

Prevalence, transmission, and genetic diversity of blood parasites infecting tundra-nesting geese in Alaska

A total of 842 blood samples collected from five species of tundra-nesting geese in Alaska was screened for haemosporidian parasites using molecular techniques. Parasites of the genera Leucocytozoon Danilewsky, 1890, Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890, and Plasmodium Marchiafava and Celli, 1885 were detected in 169 (20%), 3 (<1%), and 0 (0%) samples, respectively. Occupancy modeling was used to estimate prevalence of Leucocytozoon parasites and assess variation relative to species, age, sex, geographic area, year, and decade. Species, age, and decade were identified as important in explaining differences in prevalence of Leucocytozoon parasites. Leucocytozoon parasites were detected in goslings sampled along the Arctic Coastal Plain using both historic and contemporary samples, which provided support for transmission in the North American Arctic. In contrast, lack of detection of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites in goslings ( n = 238) provided evidence to suggest that the transmission of parasites of these genera may not occur among waterfowl using tundra habitats in Alaska, or alternatively, may only occur at low levels. Five haemosporidian genetic lineages shared among different species of geese sampled from two geographic areas were indicative of interspecies parasite transmission and supported broad parasite or vector distributions. However, identical Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus lineages on public databases were limited to waterfowl hosts suggesting constraints in the range of parasite hosts.

Alaska↗

USGS1970

Some blood chemistry values for the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Normal distribution curves were graphically fitted to approximately 1400 clinical test values obtained from the plasma or kidney tissue of more than 200 yearling rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). Estimated normal ranges were ascorbate, 102–214&ensp;μg/g; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 0.9–4.5&ensp;mg/100&ensp;ml; chloride, 84–132&ensp;mEq/liter; cholesterol, 161–365&ensp;mg/100&ensp;ml; cortisol, 1.5–18.5&ensp;μg/100&ensp;ml; glucose, 41–151&ensp;mg/100&ensp;ml; and total protein, 2–6&ensp;g/100&ensp;ml.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗

USGS2008

Blood parasites in Owls with conservation implications for the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis)

The three subspecies of Spotted Owl (Northern, Strix occidentalis courina; California, S. o. occidentalis; and Mexican, S. o. lucida) are all threatened by habitat loss and range expansion of the Barred Owl (S. varia). An unaddressed threat is whether Barred Owls could be a source of novel strains of disease such as avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) or other blood parasites potentially harmful for Spotted Owls. Although Barred Owls commonly harbor Plasmodium infections, these parasites have not been documented in the Spotted Owl. We screened 111 Spotted Owls, 44 Barred Owls, and 387 owls of nine other species for haemosporidian parasites (Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus spp.). California Spotted Owls had the greatest number of simultaneous multi-species infections (44%). Additionally, sequencing results revealed that the Northern and California Spotted Owl subspecies together had the highest number of Leucocytozoon parasite lineages (n=17) and unique lineages (n=12). This high level of sequence diversity is significant because only one leucocytozoon species (L. danilewskyi) has been accepted as valid among all owls, suggesting that L. danilewskyi is a cryptic species. Furthermore, a Plasmodium parasite was documented in a Northern Spotted Owl for the first time. West Coast Barred Owls had a lower prevalence of infection (15%) when compared to sympatric Spotted Owls (S. o. caurina 52%, S. o. occidentalis 79%) and Barred Owls from the historic range (61%). Consequently, Barred Owls on the West Coast may have a competitive advantage over the potentially immune compromised Spotted Owls. ?? 2008 Ishak et al.

PLoS ONE↗

USGS1969

Bacteria in blood and kidney of apparently healthy hatchery trout

Aseptic examination of blood and kidney material from three species of apparently healthy trout at two hatcheries showed that 12.5% of examined trout at one hatchery and 26.1% of trout at the other carried low numbers of bacteria. In addition, sera from these trout had agglutinins against some of the isolated bacteria and bacterial types found in trout were the same as those cultured from raceway water in which fish were raised. Although the presence of these bacteria does not constitute a disease state, the potential for an epizootic is present should trout be placed under stress conditions.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗

USGS1977

Chemical composition of blood and bile of the shovelnose sturgeon

Samples of gallbladder bile and blood from shovelnose sturgeons (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) collected from the Chippewa River, Wisconsin, contained concentrations of Na + , K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Cl - , inorganic phosphate, and total cholesterol closely comparable with those reported for similar samples from other species of freshwater sturgeons.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗

USGS2004

Concentrations of metals and trace elements in blood of spectacled and king eiders in northern Alaska, USA

In 1996, we measured concentrations of arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in blood of adult king (Somateria spectabilis) and spectacled (Somateria fischeri) eiders and duckling spectacled eiders from northern Alaska, USA. Concentrations of selenium exceeded background levels in all adults sampled and 9 of 12 ducklings. Mercury was detected in all adult spectacled eiders and 5 of 12 ducklings. Lead concentrations were above the clinical toxicity threshold in one duckling (0.64 ppm) and two adult female spectacled eiders (0.54 and 4.30 ppm). Concentrations of cadmium and mercury varied between species; barium, cadmium, mercury, and selenium varied between sexes. In female spectacled eiders, mercury concentrations increased during the breeding season and barium and selenium levels decreased through the breeding season. Selenium declined at 2.3 ± 0.9% per day and levels were lower in spectacled eiders arriving to the breeding grounds in northern Alaska than in western Alaska. The variation in selenium levels between breeding areas may be explained by differences in timing and routes of spring migration. Most trace elements for which we tested were not at levels currently considered toxic to marine birds. However, the presence of mercury and elevated lead in ducklings and adult female spectacled eiders suggests these metals are available on the breeding grounds.

Alaska↗

USGS1966

Some blood chemistry values for five Chesapeake Bay area fishes

Blood samples from gizzard shad,largemouth bass, white perch, pumpkinseed, and toadfish were analyzed for hemoglobin, total plasma protein, total plasma cholesterol, and ion concentrations of plasma sodium, potassium, and chloride. The hemoglobin concentration and total plasma cholesterol found in a given species seem to have positive correlation with the customary activity level of that species. The plasma ionic concentrations in general agree with those found by other authors.

Chesapeake Bay area↗

USGS1941

Blood parasites of birds of the District of Columbia and Patuxent Research Refuge vicinity

Recently a number of surveys of blood parasites of birds have been made in different parts of this country by different workers, the general purpose of which was to further the knowledge of the distribution and pathogenicity of these protozoa. This paper treats the distribution of parasites found in sampling miscellaneous birds of the District of Columbia and vicinity and contains a preliminary report on the more important phase of the problem of pathogenicity.

Maryland↗

USGS1971

Blood parasites of wood ducks

Examination of blood films from wood ducks ( Aix sponsa ) from several northeastern states revealed Haemoproteus , Leucocytozoon , Plasmodium and a typanosome. Haemoproteus occurred in all areas sampled and birds of the year from Massachusetts demonstrated the highest incidence during the last 2 weeks in August. Leucocytozoon was most prevalent in more northern areas. P. circumflexum and a trypanosome are reported for the first time from this host.

Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Ve↗

USGS2013

Blood from a turnip: tissue origin of low-coverage shotgun sequencing libraries affects recovery of mitogenome sequences

Next generation sequencing methods allow rapid, economical accumulation of data that have many applications, even at relatively low levels of genome coverage. However, the utility of shotgun sequencing data sets for specific goals may vary depending on the biological nature of the samples sequenced. We show that the ability to assemble mitogenomes from three avian samples of two different tissue types varies widely. In particular, data with coverage typical of microsatellite development efforts (&sim;1×) from DNA extracted from avian blood failed to cover even 50% of the mitogenome, relative to at least 500-fold coverage from muscle-derived data. Researchers should consider possible applications of their data and select the tissue source for their work accordingly. Practitioners analyzing low-coverage shotgun sequencing data (including for microsatellite locus development) should consider the potential benefits of mitogenome assembly, including internal barcode verification of species identity, mitochondrial primer development, and phylogenetics.

Mitochondrial DNA↗

USGS1985

Aeromagnetic map and analysis of aeromagnetic and aeroradioactivity data in the Blood Mountain, Chattahoochee, and Tray Mountain Roadless Areas, northern Georgia

The data for the aerornagnetic map of the Blood Mountain, Chattahoochee, and Tray Mountain Roadless Areas and vicinity were compiled from two separate airborne surveys {U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, 1981) produced in cooperation with the State of Georgia. These surveys were flown by fixed - wing aircraft in 1976 and 1981 at 500 ft (150 m) above mean terrain along rarallel flight lines oriented northwest-southeast. Flight-line spacing is 0.5 mi (0.8 km} for the 1981 survey, which covers the major part of the map, and l mi (1.6 km) for the 1976 survey, which covers the southeast corner of the map. The 1976 survey was adjusted to the magnetic level of the 1981 survey and recontoured where the surveys join. The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (Barraclough and Fabiano, 1975) has been removed from the data of each survey.

Georgia↗