Review of geologic framework and hydrocarbon potential of eastern Oregon and Washington
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Open-File Report↗
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Atlantic Flyway review: Region V
One new station was added to the Region V roster in 1981: Bestgate in the Annapolis suburbs. We also have a summary from Cylburn Arboretum in Baltimore City, a station that had not reported since 1977. The total regional effort of 82,282 net-hours was surpassed only in 1980. Although the total net-hours of operation decreased only 10.8% from 1980, the number of birds banded dropped 15.8%. The greatest decrease in birds per 100 net-hours (-56%) occurred at Gulf Breeze, Florida. Inspection of the last two lines of Table I shows that only modest changes occurred at other stations. Complying the 14 stations that reported in both 1980 and 1981, the birds per 100 net-hours decreased from 40.31 to 38.20.
North American Bird Bander↗
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Pesticide-Wildlife Review: 1959
Research findings of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, State agencies and independent research workers in Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Mass., Mich., Mont., N. Dak., Tex., and Wis. are summarized in this report together with recommendations for reducing damage from pest control operations. Major topics discussed are: Scope of Pesticide-Wildlife Problem; Effects on Wildlife-General; Laboratory Studies and Toxicology; Direct and Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Wildlife; Recent Pesticide Legislation; Value of Wildlife; and Recommendations for Safeguarding Wildlife Values during Pest Control. To avoid undue hazards to wildlife, applications must not exceed the toxicity equivalent of the following concentrations of DDT to the respective forms of wildlife: 0.1 pounds of DDT/acre for crustaceans; 0.2 for fish; 1.0 for amphibians; 2.0 for reptiles and birds; and 5.0 for most mammals. Other suggestions are: 1) Chemical treatment should be used only when entomological research has proved it to be necessary; 2) Before pesticides are used, the effects on different kinds of animals and on animals living in different habitats should be known and carefully considered; 3) Only minimum quantities of chemicals necessary to achieve adequate control of pests should be applied; 4) Pesticides should not be applied to areas that are any larger than is necessary and the chemicals that are used should be the ones whose effects are no more long-lasting than necessary; 5) Whenever possible, chemicals should be applied at the seasons of the year when wildlife damage will be least; 6) Conscientious effort should be made to be sure that pesticides are applied at no more than the intended rates and that no areas receive double doses. Alternates to chemical control are suggested. Among these are biological control, modified agricultural practices, destruction of insect wintering quarters, and the manipulation of water levels.
Circular↗
The effects of off-road vehicles on animal populations and habitats: A review of the literature. For the U S Bureau of Land Management, Riverside
No abstract available at this time
Report↗
A review of sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080); its properties, toxicology, and use in predator and rodent control
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Special Scientific Report - Wildlife↗
The effectiveness of non-native fish removal techniques in freshwater ecosystems: a systematic review
In aquatic systems, biological invasions can result in adverse ecological effects. Management techniques available for non-native fish removal programs (including eradication and population size control) vary widely, but include chemicals, harvest regimes, physical removal, or biological control. For management agencies, deciding on what non-native fish removal program to use has been challenging because there is little reliable information about the relative effectiveness of these measures in controlling or eradicating non-native fish. We conducted a systematic review, including a critical appraisal of study validity, to assess the effectiveness of different non-native fish removal methods, and to identify the factors that influence the overall success rate of each type of method. We found 95 relevant studies, generating 158 data sets. The evidence base was dominated by poorly documented studies with inadequate experimental designs (76% of removal projects). When the management goal was non-native fish eradication, chemical treatments were relatively successful (antimycin 75%; rotenone 89%) compared to other interventions. Electrofishing and passive removal measure studies indicated successful eradication was possible (58% each respectively) but required intensive effort and multiple treatments over a number of years. Of these studies with sufficient information, electrofishing had the highest success for population size control (56% of data sets). Overall, inadequate data quality and completeness severely limited our ability to make strong conclusions about the relationships between non-native fish abundance and different methods of eradication and population control, and the factors influencing the overall success rate of each method. Our review highlights that there is considerable scope for improving our evaluations of non-native fish removal methods. It is recommended that programs should have explicitly stated objectives, better data reporting, and study designs that (when possible and appropriate) incorporate replicated and controlled investigations with rigorous, long-term quantitative monitoring. Future research on the effectiveness of non-native fish removal methods should focus on: (1) the efficacy of existing or potentially new removal measures in larger, more complex environments; (2) a broader range of removal measures in general, and (3) phenotypic characteristics of individual fish within a population that fail to be eradicated or controlled.
Environmental Reviews↗
Data resources for range-wide assessment of livestock grazing across the sagebrush biome
The data contained in this series were compiled, modified, and analyzed for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) report "Range-Wide Assessment of Livestock Grazing Across the Sagebrush Biome." This report can be accessed through the USGS Publications Warehouse (online linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1263/). The dataset contains spatial and tabular data related to Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Grazing Allotments. We reviewed the BLM national grazing allotment spatial dataset available from the GeoCommunicator National Integrated Land System (NILS) website in 2007 (http://www.geocommunicator.gov). We identified several limitations in those data and learned that some BLM State and/or field offices had updated their spatial data to rectify these limitations, but maintained the data outside of NILS. We contacted appropriate BLM offices (State or field, 25 in all) to obtain the most recent data, assessed the data, established a data development protocol, and compiled data into a topologically enforced dataset throughout the area of interest for this project (that is, the pre-settlement distribution of Greater Sage-Grouse in the Western United States). The final database includes three spatial datasets: Allotments (BLM Grazing Allotments), OUT_Polygons (nonallotment polygons used to ensure topology), and Duplicate_Polygon_Allotments. See Appendix 1 of the aforementioned report for complete methods. The tabular data presented here consists of information synthesized by the Land Health Standard (LHS) analysis (Appendix 2), and data obtained from the BLM Rangeland Administration System (http://www.blm.gov/ras/). In 2008, available LHS data for all allotments in all regions were compiled by BLM in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request made by a private organization. The BLM provided us with a copy of these data. These data provided three major types of information that were of interest: (1) date(s) (if any) of the most recent LHS evaluation for each allotment; (2) whether if evaluated, each region-specific standard (3–8 LHS depending on region) had been met on a given allotment; and (3) whether livestock contributed to any of these standards not being met. A description of how we processed the original data to prepare for analysis is described in Appendix 2, and the synthesized dataset can be found in the table "lhs_x_walk." Permitted use dates, livestock type (horse, sheep or cattle), number of livestock, and Animal Unit Months [the number of animal units (1,000-pound animal equivalents) that can be grazed for 31 days with the available forage in a sustainable manner] are the legal maximum grazing amounts for a given allotment, and legal adjustments to these numbers occur infrequently. We summarized permitted use by BLM allotment in the table "Permitted_Use." Billed use records are used for calculations of permittees' annual grazing bills. We summarized billed use by allotment for BLM grazing year in the table "Billed_Use." All three tables can be joined with the allotment spatial data in a geographic information system (GIS) environment, using the IDENT attribute as the primary key.
Data Series↗
Absolute method of measuring magnetic susceptibility
An absolute method of standardization and measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of small samples is presented which can be applied to most techniques based on the Faraday method. The fact that the susceptibility is a function of the area under the curve of sample displacement versus distance of the magnet from the sample, offers a simple method of measuring the susceptibility without recourse to a standard sample. Typical results on a few substances are compared with reported values, and an error of less than 2% can be achieved.
Review of Scientific Instruments↗
New papers related to remote sensing of the earth
Worldwide experience of many individuals and organizations with remote sensing data acquired from space, primarily Landsat-1, -2, and -3, has demonstrated its utility for land use classification, agricultural assessment, energy and resource exploration, and many other applications. There has been some reluctance to adopt these systems in operational programmes because of a lack of assured continuity of data collection, continuing changes in the systems, and some dissatisfaction with the types of data made available to users. Nevertheless, there is sufficient conviction of the value of satellite remote sensing so that new systems will be developed by several countries in the decade of the 1980's. The status changes continuously as studies are completed, and budgets are adjusted. This review presents the situation at the beginning of 1982.
Open-File Report↗
Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope’s gray treefrog) x Hyla cinerea (green treefrog): putative natural hybrid
Naturally–occurring hybrid treefrogs have been occasionally found in the eastern United States. However, these hybrids are almost always between members of the same species group. On 10 Jun 2014, at 2145 h, we located an individual making an unusual advertisement call along Bayou Manual Road in Sherburne Wildlife Management Area in the Atchafalaya Basin of south-central Louisiana, USA, and brought it back to the laboratory for further study. Physically, the treefrog appeared intermediate between a Green Treefrog and a Cope’s Gray Treefrog, which are members of different species groups. Call analysis also showed the individual to be intermediate between the two putative parental species. Flow cytometry was used to estimate the total genome size from nuclei of whole blood cells, and also determined the individual to be intermediate of the putative parental species. Despite vocalizing for mates, the hybrid did not appear to have viable spermatozoa, and was likely the result of an anomalous mis-mating event between a male Cope’s Gray Treefrog and a female Green Treefrog. To our knowledge, natural hybrids between a Cope’s Gray Treefrog and a Green Treefrog have not been previously reported.
Louisiana↗
Digital Geologic Map of the Wallace 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Idaho
The geology of the Wallace 1:100,000 quadrangle, Idaho was compiled by Reed S. Lewis in 1997 primarily from published materials including 1983 data from Foster, Harrison's unpublished mapping done from 1975 to 1985, Hietenan's 1963, 1967, 1968, and 1984 mapping, Hobbs and others 1965 mapping, and Vance's 1981 mapping, supplemented by eight weeks of field mapping by Reed S. Lewis, Russell F. Burmester, and Mark D. McFaddan in 1997 and 1998. This geologic map information was inked onto a 1:100,000-scale greenline mylar of the topographic base map for input into a geographic information system (GIS). The resulting digital geologic map GIS can be queried in many ways to produce a variety of geologic maps. Digital base map data files (topography, roads, towns, rivers and lakes, etc.) are not included: they may be obtained from a variety of commercial and government sources. This database is not meant to be used or displayed at any scale larger than 1:100,000 (e.g., 1:62,500 or 1:24,000). The map area is located in north Idaho. The primary sources of map data are shown in figure 2 and additional sources are shown in figure 3. This open-file report describes the geologic map units, the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format, the Arc/Info GIS file structures and relationships, and explains how to download the digital files from the U.S. Geological Survey public access World Wide Web site on the Internet. Mapping and compilation was completed by the Idaho Geological Survey under contract with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) office in Spokane, Washington. The authors would like to acknowledge the help of the following field assistants: Josh Goodman, Yvonne Issak, Jeremy Johnson and Kevin Myer. Don Winston provided help with our ongoing study of Belt stratigraphy, and Tom Frost assisted with logistical problems and sample collection. Manuscript reviews by Steve Box, Tom Frost, and Brian White are greatly appreciated. We wish to thank Karen S. Bolm of the USGS for reviewing the digital files.
Open-File Report↗
Reports and maps of the Military Geology Unit, 1942-1975
Included here are reports and maps which were prepared in the Military Geology Unit of the U. S. Geological Survey from 1942 through 1975. In addition to the references prepared primarily for military use and listed here, more than 200 reports of more general geologic interest were prepared for publication as Survey bulletins and professional papers and in outside journals. These reports are listed in "Publications of the Geological Survey" and other bibliographies. Military Geology reports generally include basic subjects such as rock types, soils, water resources, landforms and vegetation, as well as interpretive subjects such as suitability of terrain for cross-country movement and for construction of roads and airfields in areas throughout the world. Reports on specific areas range from generalized texts with small scab maps derived from published sources to detailed texts with large-scale maps commonly based on photo-interpretation and, especially for Alaska and western Pacific islands, involving field mapping. Other reports treat topics of interest in military geology without reference to specific areas. A number of reports covering the moon include the first photogeologic map of the near side. Authors are cited for some kinds of reports; however, many intelligence reports were published anonymously. Most of the reports were prepared by teams made up mainly of geologists but commonly including soils scientists, botanists, climatologists and geographers. Nearly all the soil scientists and climatologists were members of the World Soil Geography Unit, Soil Survey, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Manuscripts from this Unit were passed through a common review and other processing, as were the manuscripts originating in the Military Geology office, to be issued under the aegis of the latter. In some instances where it has not been possible to list all authors, names of project supervisors are given. File copies of many of the Military Geology reports prepared since 1975 are kept in the Special Geologic Studies Group, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center, Reston, and may be examined there by appropriately cleared persons. Additionally, copies of many of the unclassified studies are in the U.S. Geological Survey Library. Some of the older reports are in the files of the Terrain Analysis Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and other offices within the Corps of Engineers. Most of the reports are out of print and many of the other studies are no longer available.
Open-File Report↗
Geochemical map of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona
The Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577, September 3, 1964) and related acts require the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines to survey certain areas on Federal lands to determine their mineral resource potential. Results must be made available to the public and be submitted to the President and the Congress. This report presents the results of a geochemical survey of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area (U.S. Forest Service number 03092) in the Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Yavapai County, Arizona. The Arnold Mesa Roadless Area was classified as a further planning area during the Second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) by the U.S. Forest Service, January 1979. During 1980 the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) conducted field investigations to evaluate the mineral resource potential of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona. Field studies included geologic mapping (Wolrfe, 1983), aeromagnetic mapping (Davis and Wolfe, 1983), geochemical sampling (this report), and a survey of known mines and prospects (McColly and Korzeb, 1981). The Arnold Mesa Roadless Area comprises about 28,000 acres (11,300 hectares) in and along the flanks of the Black Hills south of Camp Verde, Arizona. The Black Hills form a northwest-trending drainage divide, between the Agua Fria drainage on the west and Verde River on the east, that extends through the roadless area. The crest and southwest flank of the divide within the study area are moderately dissected, gently rolling uplands. The northeast flank is steep terrain that forms the western wall of the Verde Valley. The northeast flank has a total relief within the study area of almost 4,000 ft (more than 1,200 m) and is deeply incised by the canyons of Gap and Chasm Creeks. Unpaved roads provide access to much of the perimeter of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, but the interior is accessible only by foot, horse, or helicopter.
Arizona↗
Society’s struggle with unwanted species: What centuries of history reveal about species bounty programs
Species bounty programs, much like bounty hunters charged to bring fugitives to justice, enlist the public to locate and remove unwanted species through financial incentives. With the goal of reducing population sizes, these programs address perceived ecological and economic damage caused by target species. In this study, we provide the first global assessment of species bounty programs, drawing on evidence from both historical and contemporary efforts across diverse regions and cultural contexts over the past eight centuries. We uncovered a long history of bounty programs involving at least 283 species—mammals, birds, fish, plants, reptiles, mollusks, insects, amphibians, and crustaceans—across 449 programs in 60 countries. Using this collective knowledge, we offer five perspectives on species bounty programs. First, bounty programs are launched for a variety of reasons, including economic (livestock, crops, fisheries, infrastructure), ecological (species, ecosystems), and social (human health) considerations related to unwanted species. Second, bounty programs vary in their design and implementation, ranging from well-planned operations with clear management and conservation objectives to ad hoc operations with limited articulation and investigation of project outcomes. Third, evidence points to unintended consequences, in which bounty programs result in the incidental removal of non-target species or in effects that may inadvertently benefit target species. Fourth, while not always the case, fraudulent activities have been reported, compromising the management outcomes of some programs. Fifth, public perception of bounty programs is highly dynamic and ensuring program engagement remains a persistent challenge. By reviewing the scattered narratives of past and present bounty programs globally, this review seeks to inform the evolving role of this management strategy.
npj Biodiversity↗
Estimating areas contributing recharge to wells, lessons from previous studies
Factors relating to the estimation of areas contributing recharge to wells, such as complexity of the ground-water flow system, effects of changing hydrologic conditions, and effects of well-screen locations and pumping rates, are reviewed. The point of view that simulation is the best means to obtain physically based estimates of contributing areas is emphasized. An extensive list of USGS reports that include estimation of contributing areas is provided.
Circular↗
Rate for flood insurance
Soon after the 1951 floods on the Kansas and lower Missouri Rivers, President Truman submitted to Congress (82d Cong., 1st sess., 1951) a proposal for a national flood insurance fund. Although the proposal was not acted upon by the 82d Congree, there was considerable discussion of it in the press and in the technical literature. Among the latter were papers by Langbein (1953), Foster (1954), and by the Insurance Executive Association (1952). The paper by Langbein discussed flood insurance as a means of promoting wise use of the flood plain. Foster's paper reviewed his work for the Insurance Executive Association without, however, reaching any independent decision as to the workability of hydrologic techniques in an insurance program. The report of the Insurance Executive Association presented mainly the industries viewpoint that flood insurance is not feasible. It is interesting to note, however, that in a recent report McGuinness (1957), of the Allstate Insurance Co., says "This position has been taken without recourse to actuarial or statistical methods which might be used to fit an insurance company's underwriting retentions to the exposures it would meet."
Open-File Report↗
Fluorspar
The state of the fluorspar industry worldwide for 1997 is discussed. The U.S. had no reported mining of fluorspar in 1997. Reported consumption in the U.S. decreased to 490 kt. U.S. imports, mainly from China, totaled 533 kt. Exports, synthetic fluorspar production, and industry developments are also reviewed.
Mining Engineering↗
Effects of summer flow augmentation on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile Snake River fall Chinook salmon. Annual report 2005
This report summarizes results of research activities conducted in 2004 and years previous to aid in the management and recovery of fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Columbia River basin. For detailed summaries, we refer the reader to the abstracts given on the second page of each chapter. The Annual Reporting section includes information provided to fishery managers in-season and post-season, and it contains a detailed summary of life history and survival statistics on wild Snake River fall Chinook salmon juveniles for the years 1992-2004. Publication is a high priority of our staff. Publication provides our results to a wide audience, and it insures that our work meets high scientific standards. The Bibliography of Published Journal Articles section provides citations for peer-reviewed papers co-authored by personnel of project 1991-02900 that were written or published from 1998 to 2005.
Idaho, Washington↗