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61 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
USGS2012

Genetic analysis of a novel nidovirus from fathead minnows

A bacilliform virus was isolated from diseased fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ). Analysis of the complete genome coding for the polyprotein (pp1ab), spike (S), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins revealed that the virus was most like white bream virus (WBV), another bacilliform virus isolated from white bream ( Blicca bjoerkna L.) and the type species of the genus Bafinivirus within the order Nidovirales . In addition to similar gene order and size, alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of the pp1ab, M, N and S proteins of the fathead minnow nidovirus (FHMNV) with those of WBV showed 46, 44, 39 and 15 % identities, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using the conserved helicase domain of the replicase showed FHMNV was distinct from WBV, yet the closest relative identified to date. Thus, FHMNV appears to represent a second species in the genus Bafinivirus . A PCR assay was developed for the identification of future FHMNV-like isolates.

Journal of General Virology↗
USGS2015

H7N9 influenza A virus in turkeys in Minnesota

Introductions of H7 Influenza A virus (IAV) from wild birds into poultry have been documented worldwide, resulting in varying degrees of morbidity and mortality. H7 IAV infection in domestic poultry has served as a source of human infection and disease. We report the detection of H7N9 subtype IAV in Minnesota turkey farms during 2009 and 2011. The full-genome was sequenced from eight isolates as well as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments of H7 and N9 virus subtypes for 108 isolates from North American wild birds between 1986 and 2012. Through maximum likelihood and coalescent phylogenetic analyses, we identified the recent H7 and N9 IAV ancestors of the turkey-origin H7N9 IAV, estimated the time and geographic origin of the ancestral viruses, and determined the relatedness between the 2009 and the 2011 turkey-origin H7N9 IAV. Analyses supported that the 2009 and the 2011 viruses were distantly related genetically, suggesting that the two outbreaks arose from independent introduction events from wild birds. Our findings further support that the 2011 MN turkey-origin H7N9 virus was closely related to H7N9 IAV isolated in poultry in Nebraska during the same year. Although the precise origin of the wild-bird donor of the turkey-origin H7N9 IAV could not be determined, our findings suggest that, for both the NA and HA gene segments, the MN turkey-origin H7N9 viruses were related to viruses circulating in wild birds between 2006 and 2011 in the Mississippi flyway.

Minnesota↗
USGS2003

Phylogeography of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in North America

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a rhabdoviral pathogen that infects wild and cultured salmonid fish throughout the Pacific Northwest of North America. IHNV causes severe epidemics in young fish and can cause disease or occur asymptomatically in adults. In a broad survey of 323 IHNV field isolates, sequence analysis of a 303 nucleotide variable region within the glycoprotein gene revealed a maximum nucleotide diversity of 8·6 %, indicating low genetic diversity overall for this virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three major virus genogroups, designated U, M and L, which varied in topography and geographical range. Intragenogroup genetic diversity measures indicated that the M genogroup had three- to fourfold more diversity than the other genogroups and suggested relatively rapid evolution of the M genogroup and stasis within the U genogroup. We speculate that factors influencing IHNV evolution may have included ocean migration ranges of their salmonid host populations and anthropogenic effects associated with fish culture.

Journal of General Virology↗
USGS2004

Isolation and characterization of a rhabdovirus from starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) collected from the northern portion of Puget Sound, Washington, USA

The initial characterization of a rhabdovirus isolated from a single, asymptomatic starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) collected during a viral survey of marine fishes from the northern portion of Puget Sound, Washington, USA, is reported. Virions were bullet-shaped and approximately 100 nm long and 50 nm wide, contained a lipid envelope, remained stable for at least 14 days at temperatures ranging from -80 to 5 degrees C and grew optimally at 15 degrees C in cultures of epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. The cytopathic effect on EPC cell monolayers was characterized by raised foci containing rounded masses of cells. Pyknotic and dark-staining nuclei that also showed signs of karyorrhexis were observed following haematoxylin and eosin, May-Grunwald Giemsa and acridine orange staining. PAGE of the structural proteins and PCR assays using primers specific for other known fish rhabdoviruses, including Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Spring viremia of carp virus, and Hirame rhabdovirus, indicated that the new virus, tentatively termed starry flounder rhabdovirus (SFRV), was previously undescribed in marine fishes from this region. In addition, sequence analysis of 2678 nt of the amino portion of the viral polymerase gene indicated that SFRV was genetically distinct from other members of the family Rhabdoviridae for which sequence data are available. Detection of this virus during a limited viral survey of wild fishes emphasizes the void of knowledge regarding the diversity of viruses that naturally infect marine fish species in the North Pacific Ocean.

Journal of General Virology↗
USGS2001

Biography of Dr. John L. Fryer

There is probably no one in the fi sh health community who does not recognize the name of Professor John L. Fryer. Active in research for a period of more than 40 years, Dr Fryer has achieved internatio nal acclaim for his wor k on infectious diseases of Pacific salmon . The resea rch from his laboratory at Oregon State University (OSU) has spanned the disciplines of virology, parasitology, bacteriology, cell biology, immuno logy and fi sh physiology, result ing in more than 200 publications, two patents and recognition as one of the world's leading centres for researc h on infec tious diseases of salmon id fi sh.

Journal of Fish Diseases↗
USGS2024

Antibodies to influenza A virus in Lesser (Aythya affinis) and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) in the USA

Scaup, including both Lesser and Greater ( Aythya affinis and Aythya marila , respectively), are a grouping of populous and widespread North American diving ducks. Few influenza type A viruses (IAV) have been reported from these species despite a high prevalence of antibodies to IAV being reported. Existing virologic and serologic data indicate that IAV infection routinely occurs in scaup, yet it is unknown which IAV subtypes are linked to these infections. In this study, we aimed to gain a more complete picture of IAV natural history in Lesser and Greater Scaup from two coastal flyways in North America in 2015–18 (302 samples from California in the Pacific Flyway and 471 samples from Maryland in the Atlantic Flyway). Low prevalence of active IAV infection was detected by real-time reverse-transcription PCR in Lesser Scaup sampled in Maryland and California (2.8% and 8.1%, respectively). A single IAV (H1N1) was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs from a bird sampled in California. Similarly low levels were observed in Greater Scaup in California (3.3%). Antibodies to the nucleoprotein as detected with a commercial blocking ELISA were observed in all species and flyway combinations. Antibody seroprevalence estimates were higher in adult Lesser Scaup than in juveniles at both the ≤0.5 ( P <0.001, z=–3.582) and ≤0.7 serum-sample-to-negative-control absorbance thresholds ( P =0.003, z=–2.996). Neutralizing antibodies to H1–H12, H14, and H15 were detected using a microtiter virus neutralization assay, with the highest prevalence of antibodies against H1 (38%), H6 (36%), and H11 (35%). The high prevalence of antibodies to IAV and evidence of previous exposure to numerous subtypes are consistent with a high level of population immunity and a low prevalence of infection. These results must be interpreted in the context of season (winter sampling), as results may vary with the annual influx of naïve juvenile birds.

California, Maryland↗
USGS2025

Observational, virological, and serological data provide insights into an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza among wild birds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska in 2022

In 2021–22, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses were introduced by wild birds into North America, leading to geographically widespread disease. In response to HPAI outbreaks throughout late 2021 and early 2022, we recorded observations of sick and dead birds, estimated abundance of carcasses, collected swab and sera samples to detect viruses, and monitored bird nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of Alaska to document potential effects of disease. Thirty-six reports of sick and dead birds were registered across the region. Nineteen carcasses were opportunistically collected for diagnostic testing, of which 12 were confirmed to be infected with clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses. Carcass abundance estimates from line-distance sampling provided evidence that the most common species of dead birds from the western Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region were Cackling Goose ( Branta hutchinsii minima ), Glaucous Gull ( Larus hyperboreus ), and Black Brant ( Branta bernicla nigricans ). Only one paired cloacal and oropharyngeal swab sample from a Northern Pintail ( Anas acuta ) tested positive for clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus, out of 464 live-captured duck and goose samples. Of 195 sera samples from waterfowl screened for antibodies reactive to influenza A viruses, antibodies were found in 41–98% of samples collected from Emperor Goose ( Anser canagicus ), Cackling Goose, Black Brant, and Spectacled Eider ( Somateria fischeri ). In addition, 15–98% of the same sera samples were reactive to a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 antigen. Fewer Black Brant and Emperor Goose nests were found on long-term study plots during 2022 than in previous years. Collectively, we found that HPAI viruses affected at least seven species of wild birds inhabiting the region during 2022. The full scope of impacts of HPAI at this location during 2022 is unknown, but our data indicate that acute effects to avian population health on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region were likely modest.

Alaska↗