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At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
USGS1976

Acute toxic effects of two lampricides on twenty-one freshwater invertebrates

We conducted laboratory static bioassays to determine acute toxicity of two lampricides -- a 70% 2-aminoethanol salt of 5,2'dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) and a mixture containing 98% 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2% Bayer 73 (TFM-2B) -- to 21 freshwater invertebrates. LC50 values were determined for 24-h exposure periods at 12.8 C. Organisms relatively sensitive to Bayer 73 were a turbellarian ( Dugesia tigrina ), aquatic earthworms ( Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus inconstans ), snails (Physa sp.) and ( Pleurocera sp. ), a clam ( Eliptio dilatatus ), blackflies ( Simulium sp. ), leeches ( Erpobdellidae ), and a daphnid ( Daphnia pulex ). The invertebrates most sensitive to TFM-2B were turbellarians, aquatic earthworms ( Tubifex ), snails ( Physa ), blackflies, leeches, and burrowing mayflies ( Hexagenia sp. ). Bayer 73 was generally much more toxic to the test organisms than TFM-2B. At lampricidal concentrations, TFM-2B was more highly selective than Bayer 73 against larval sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus ).

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1976

Physiological response to hooking stress in hatchery and wild rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

This study evaluated the physiological response of rainbow trout to hooking stress after being played under standardized conditions (0–5 min) and estimated the time needed for recovery (to 72 h). Plasma osmolality and chloride measurements were used to evaluate osmoregulatory disturbances and gill ion-exchange function, and plasma glucose was used as an index of the generalized nonspecific physiological stress response. Hooking stress caused more severe blood chemistry differences in hatchery fish than in wild trout. Also, hooking stress imposed a greater stress on larger than on smaller hatchery rainbow trout. Higher water temperatures aggravated the delayed hyperglycemia and hyperchloremia in both hatchery and wild trout but only about 3 days were needed for recovery at 4, 10, or 20 C.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1977

Age and growth of the walleye in Lake Erie, 1963-1968

Age and length distributions are given for 6,764 walleyes, Stizostedion v. vitreum (Mitchill), sampled during 1963-1968 from commercial landings of walleyes representing discrete populations in the eastern and western basins of Lake Erie. In the eastern basin, where all catches were made with gill nets, age-groups III and IV predominated in samples from large-mesh nets and age-group I in samples from small-mesh nets. In the western basin, where nearly all walleyes were taken in trap nets, age-groups I and II predominated in 1963-1965, and II and III in 1966-1968 (after the legal commercial size limit was raised from 330 to 394 mm). Study of 5,082 walleyes from the two basins showed that at any given age during the first 3 years of life, females were longer than males and, on the average, fish from the western basin were longer than those from the eastern basin. The greatest difference in growth of fish of the same sex for the two basins was apparent at the end of the first year of life, when fish from the eastern basin were only about half as heavy as those from the western basin. After the second year, relative growth in weight of fish in the eastern basin improved: the weight of females exceeded that of females in the western basin by the end of the fourth growing season and the weights of males in the two basins were about equal by the end of the sixth growing season.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1977

Three generations of selection for growth rate in fall-spawning rainbow trout

A selection program to improve the growth rate of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was begun in 1967 with random samples of fall‐spawning fish from the Manchester and Wytheville National Fish Hatcheries. All matings were made as one male to one female, and selection was based on family mean fish weight of the progeny at 147 days post‐fertilization. The selected families in each year class were mated in all combinations at 2 years of age (age II) and 3 years of age (age III). Selection was applied only to the age II progeny. A control group was established in 1971 from the base population and carried through the remaining portion of the study. All families were reared under standardized rearing conditions. During the three cycles of selection studied, mean 147‐day weight of progeny from age II parents increased from 2.02 g in the first generation to 5.28 g in the fourth generation, a gain of 161%. Of the 3.26‐g total gain during the study, net genetic gain in weight from selection was 0.98 g or 30.1%. The rest of the gain (69.9%) resulted from improved rearing conditions. Gains in percentage hatch and percentage fry survival to 147 days were not significant. Differences in the performance of progeny from the age III parents, as compared to that of progeny of age II parents from 1970 to 1974 showed an advantage for the age III parents in all three traits; 6.4% for percentage hatch, 25.0% for percent fry survival, and 22.3% for 147‐day weight.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1978

Age, growth, and food of northern pike in eastern Lake Ontario

Northern pike ( Esox lucius ) from eastern Lake Ontario were sampled with gill nets and trap nets in 1972-1973. Fish of age-groups IV, V, and VI were predominant in the catch. Although males were slightly longer after the 1st yr of life, females gained a 25-mm advantage in the 2nd yr and a 30-mm advantage in the 3rd yr. In later years, the increments of growth of males and females were similar. All males were mature after 2 yr and females after 3 yr. The stomachs of northern pike contained only fish; the alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) was the principal forage species consumed. Electivity indexes for alewives, white perch ( Morone americana ), and yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ), the three most common species in the diet, indicated a positive selection for alewives that increased from June to October during a period when the relative abundance of alewives steadily decreased.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1978

Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan

Using ovaries sampled seasonally from Lake Michigan bloaters in 1968-1969, we determined that one complement or modal group of eggs is produced each year and spawned mainly during January, February, and March. Fecundities estimated for 65 fish taken in October ranged from 3,230 eggs in one medium-size bloater (241 mm long) to 18,768 in the longest (305 mm). We regressed these estimates on lengths and weights of the parental fish to provide a quantitative basis for later evaluating long-term changes in reproductive potential. The resulting rectilinear regression on weight accounted for 75% of the total variation in fecundity.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1979

Medication inhibits tolerance to seawater in coho salmon smolts

Applications of 10 therapeutic and two anesthetic agents to healthy smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by conventional methods were followed by two different posttreatment circumstances. In condition I, fish were treated and then transferred directly to 28‰ seawater for 10 days; in condition II, fish were treated and held in fresh water for 4 days before their medium was gradually changed over a 4-hour period to 28‰ seawater. In condition I, no mortality occurred among fish treated with 2,4-D, trichlorofon, simazine, quinaldine, or light to moderate doses of MS-222. About 10% mortality occurred among fish treated with formalin and nifurpirinol. High mortality in seawater followed treatments with copper sulfate, hyamine 1622, potassium permanganate, malachite green (one protocol), and heavy doses of MS-222. In condition II, mortality was reduced but still high for copper sulfate and potassium permanganate, much lower for malachite green and hyamine 1622, and zero for the other agents. The results indicate that additional recovery time in fresh water is necessary between some treatments and exposure to salt water.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1979

Mortality of experimentally descaled smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in fresh and salt water

Removal of slime from 25% of the body caused no deaths among smolts of coho salmon in fresh water or in seawater (28‰). Removal of slime and scales from the same percentage of body area caused no deaths in fresh water, but 75% mortality within 10 days in seawater. The 10-day median tolerance limit was 10% scale removal immediately before the smolts entered seawater. Mortality was highest when the scales were removed from the area of the rib cage. Recovery of smolts in fresh water from a loss of scales that would be lethal in seawater occurred rapidly; 90% of the fish regained tolerance to seawater within 1 day.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1980

Effects of environmental pH and calcium on ammonia toxicity in channel catfish

The twenty-four-hour median lethal concentrations (24-hour LC50) of total ammonia nitrogen (TA-N) to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at pH 7, 8, and 9 (total hardness, 40 mg/liter; temperature, 21–25 C) were 263.6 ± 11.3 (SE), 38.8 ± 1.8, and 4.5 ± 0.2 mg/liter, respectively. The 24-hour LC50 of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (UIA-N) concentration at pH 8 was significantly higher (1.82 ± 0.06 mg/liter) than at pH 7 or 9 (1.39 ± 0.06 and 1.49 ± 0.12 mg/liter). Enrichment of the water to 440 mg/liter total hardness at pH 7 significantly increased the 24-hour LC50 of TA-N and UIA-N (356.3 ± 16.4 and 1.79 ± 0.07). Fish exposed to 25 mg/liter TA-N for 12 hours at pH 7 and 8 showed no differences from control fish in hematocrit, percent total plasma protein, or plasma and muscle chloride. Plasma sodium showed no difference between control and experimental groups at pH 7; however, a significant decrease occurred in fish exposed to 25 mg/liter TA-N at pH 8. No differences in blood pH were found between the control groups and fish exposed to 100 and 200 mg/liter TA-N at pH 7, and to 10 and 25 mg/liter TA-N at pH 8. Plasma sodium depletion is suggested as a contributing mechanism of ammonia toxicity.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1980

Effects of recreational river traffic on nest defense by longear sunfish

An underwater camera system was designed to record the behavior of male nest-guarding longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotus) during periods of boating activity. Boats traveling at slow speeds near nests usually drove males from their nests, increasing the likelihood of egg predation. Boats moving at higher speeds or further from nests caused little or no displacement of males, but increased turbidity and possible success of predators. Location of a nest near cover increased the male's ability to protect his nest during repeated surface disturbances.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1980

Channelization and livestock impacts on salmonid habitat and biomass in western Washington

We examined salmonid habitat and biomasses in 50–70‐m pairs of altered and control sections of small (discharges less than 0.3 m 3 second −1 ) streams around Puget Sound in western Washington in 1978–1979. Altered sections had been channelized or used by livestock. Channelization significantly reduced overhead cover, sinuosity, wetted area, and woody bank cover while increasing bank grasses. Total habitat area declined in altered areas. These impacts most damaged the quality of habitat for cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) over 70 mm in length. Biomass of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) did not decline significantly in altered sections except in areas severely damaged. Zero‐age trout (cutthroat and steelhead, Salmo gairdneri) suffered no loss of habitat quality, although larger trout did, except in areas of severe physical impact. Short‐term effects of machinery operation in the one stream for which data were obtained included biomass depletions of all salmonid species and size classes. Channelization and livestock use appeared to reduce quality of winter habitat for salmonids. In altered sections with stable bottoms, no recent damage history, relatively little silt and sand, and adequate riffle areas, the reduction in overhead cover appeared to lead to higher standing crops of salmonids, suggesting that fish production in many streams of the Puget Sound area may be light‐limited.

Washington↗
USGS1980

Karyological analysis of Ctenopharyngodon idella, Aristichthys nobilis, and their F1 hybrid

Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) and Aristichthys nobilis (bighead carp) have a diploid chromosome number of 48 with no acrocentric chromosomes. The hybrid of these species is triploid with 72 chromosomes. The frequencies of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes suggest that the hybrid receives two maternal and one paternal set of chromosomes.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1981

An empirical methodology for estimating entrainment losses at power plants sited on estuaries

A model based on empirically derived age‐, time‐, and space‐variant entrainment susceptibility data may be used for estimating conditional entrainment mortality of aquatic organisms, particularly fish and shellfish, caused by operation of one or more power plants on an estuary. Model application requires knowledge of the morphometry of the water body, the power‐plant flow rates, the probability of entrainment survival, and the duration, distribution, and abundance of entrainable age‐groups. A novel feature of the model is that organism distribution and movement within the model are defined by information derived from field samples rather than by hydrodynamic principles and equations.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1981

Estimation of alewife biomass in Lake Michigan, 1967-1978

The buildup of salmonid populations in Lake Michigan through annual stockings of hatchery-reared fish may become limited by the quantity of forage fish, mainly alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, available for food. As a part of a continuing examination of salmonid predator-prey relations in Lake Michigan, we traced changes in alewife biomass estimated from bottom-trawl surveys conducted in late October and early November 1967–1978. Weight of adult alewives trawled per 0.5 hectare of bottom (10-minute drag) at 16 depths along eight transects between 1973 and 1977 formed a skewed distribution: 72 of 464 drags caught no alewives; 89 drags caught less than 1 kg; and 2 drags caught more than 100 kg (maximum 159 kg). Analysis of variance in normalized catch per tow indicated highly significant differences between the main effects of years and depths, and highly significant differences in the interactions of years and transects, years and depths, and transects and depths. Five geographic and depth strata, formed by combining parts of transects wherein mean catch rate did not differ significantly, were the basis for calculating annual estimates of adult alewife biomass (with 90% confidence intervals). Estimated biomass of alewives (±90% confidence limits) in Lake Michigan proper (Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay excluded) rose gradually from 46,000 (±9,000) t in 1967 to 114,000 (±17,000) t in 1973, declined to 45,000 (±8,000) t in 1977, and rose to 77,000 (±19,000) t in 1978.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗