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Results for “ES&T Water”

Search indexed USGS publications on groundwater, aquifers, geologic maps, mineral resources and earthquakes. Explore source records by subject and place.

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USGS1999

Metabolic response to air temperature and wind in day-old mallards and a standard operative temperature scale

Most duckling mortality occurs during the week following hatching and is often associated with cold, windy, wet weather and scattering of the brood. We estimated the thermoregulatory demands imposed by cold, windy weather on isolated 1‐d‐old mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) ducklings resting in cover. We measured O 2 consumption and evaporative water loss at air temperatures from 5° to 25°C and wind speeds of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 m/s. Metabolic heat production increased as wind increased or temperature decreased but was less sensitive to wind than that of either adult passerines or small mammals. Evaporative heat loss ranged from 5% to 17% of heat production. Evaporative heat loss and the ratio of evaporative heat loss to metabolic heat production was significantly lower in rest phase. These data were used to define a standard operative temperature ( T es ) scale for night or heavy overcast conditions. An increase of wind speed from 0.1 to 1 m/s decreased T es by 3°–5°C.

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology↗

USGS2000

Peligros de deslizamientos [Landslide Hazards]

Deslizamientos, flujos de escombrera y desastres geológicos similares provenientes de volcanes ocurren alrededor del mundo. Cada año estos desastres causan billones de dólares en pérdidas y un sinnúmero de fatalidades y heridos. El primer paso para reducir los efectos dañinos causados por estos desastres es el conocimiento y educación acerca de ellos. El Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos se dedica a educar una gran cantidad de personas a través de información e investigaciones acerca de peligros geológicos. Este documento está publicado en inglés y español y puede ser reproducido de cualquier forma para fomentar su distribución.

Fact Sheet↗

USGS2012

Strategies for soil quality assessment using VNIR gyperspectral spectroscopy in a western Kenya Chronosequence

Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS) is a rapid and nondestructive method that can predict multiple soil properties simultaneously, but its application in multidimensional soil quality (SQ) assessment in the tropics still needs to be further assessed. In this study, VNIRS (350–2500 nm) was employed to analyze 227 air-dried soil samples of Ultisols from a soil chronosequence in western Kenya and assess 16 SQ indicators. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was validated using the full-site cross-validation method by grouping samples from each farm or forest site. Most suitable models successfully predicted SQ indicators (R 2 ≥ 0.80; ratio of performance to deviation [RPD] ≥ 2.00) including soil organic matter (OM LOI ), active C, Ca, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and clay. Moderately-well predicted indicators (0.50 ≤ R 2 < 0.80; 1.40 ≤ RPD < 2.00) were water stable aggregation (WSA), Cu, silt, Mg, pH, sand, water content at permanent wilting point (Θ pwp ), and field capacity (Θ fc ). Poorly predicted indicators (R 2 < 0.50; RPD < 1.40) were EC, S, P, available water capacity (AWC), K, Zn, and penetration resistance. Combining VNIRS with selected field- and laboratory-measured SQ indicator values increased predictability. Furthermore, VNIRS showed moderate to substantial agreement in predicting interpretive SQ scores and a composite soil quality index (CSQI) especially when combined with directly measured SQ indicator values. In conclusion, VNIRS has good potential for low cost, rapid assessment of physical and biological SQ indicators but conventional soil chemical tests may need to be retained to provide comprehensive SQ assessments.

Western Kenya↗

USGS2026

From transcriptomic dysregulation to behavioral impairment: Mechanistic effects of weathered Brazilian oil on early life stage fish

The 2019–2020 oil spill along the northeastern coast of Brazil affected coastal reef ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit these environments. To characterize the toxicity of persistent weathered oil residues to early life stage fish, embryonic zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) prepared from weathered oil recovered following the spill. Embryos were exposed from 24 to 168 h postfertilization (hpf) to low (2.14 μg ∑PAH 60 L –1 ) and high (17.1 μg ∑PAH 60 L –1 ) concentrations representative of chronic postspill exposure conditions. Transcriptomic profiling revealed early alterations in pathways associated with connective tissue, cardiovascular, and respiratory development at 48 hpf, which corresponded with a significant reduction in heart rate at 72 hpf. By 96 and 168 hpf, molecular responses shifted toward visual system dysfunction, including pathways related to photoreceptor development and phototransduction. Histological evaluation confirmed significant thinning of retinal layers, consistent with impaired retinal development or photoreceptor degeneration. These structural changes translated to functional impairment, as larvae exhibited a 40% reduction in optokinetic response. These integrated analyses identify mechanistic targets of weathered oil toxicity and establish molecular to behavioral relationships that improve understanding of chronic oil spill impacts on early life stage fish.

Pernambuco↗

USGS1987

Introduccion a la hidraulica de aguas subterraneas : un texto programado para auto-ensenanza

Este ' texto programado esta diseflado para ayudarle a comprender la teoria de la hidniulica de aguas subterraneas por medio de la auto-enseflanza. La instrucci6n programada es un enfoque a una materia, un metodo de aprender;que no elimina el esfuerzo mental del proceso de aprendizaje. Algunas secciones de este programa necesitan solamente ser leidas; otras tendrian que ser elaboradas con lapiz y papel. Algunas preguntas pueden ser contestadas directamente; otras requieren calculos. A medida que se avanza en el texto, tendra que consultar frecuentemente textos o referencias sobre matematicas, mecanica de fluidos e hidrologia. En cada una de las ocho partes del texto, inicie el programa de instrucci6n leyendo la Secci6n 1. Elija una respuesta a la pregunta al final de la secci6n y dirijase a la nueva secci6n indicada al lado de la respuesta escogida. Si su respuesta fue correcta, pase a la secci6n que contiene materia nueva y otra pregunta, y proceda tal como en la Secci6n 1. Si su respuesta no fue correcta, dirijase a la secci6n que contiene explicaciones adicionales sobre el tema anterior y que le indica volver a la pregunta inicial e intentar de nuevo. En este caso, valdra Ia pena repasar el material de la secci6n anterior. Continue de esta man era en el programa hasta que llegue a Ia secci6n que indica el final de la parte. Observe que aunque las secciones estan en orden numerico en cada una de las ocho partes, por lo general, usted no procedeni en secuencia numerica (Secci6n 1 ala Secci6n 2, etc.) de principia a fin.

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations↗

USGS1956

Floods of August 1955 in the Northeastern States

The floods of August 1955 were an unprecedented disaster in a arge area of the northeastern United States. They rank among the most destructive in the country's his ory. Augmented by the antecedent hurricane sto m of August 11-15, the rainfall of August 17-20 accompanying hurricane Diane reached maximum val es of 17 to 19 inches in south-central Massachusett • Record-breaking floods resulted within a broad re ion extending from southeastern Pennsylvania to east rn Massachusetts. The floods were outstanding in four categories: The large geogra hie area covered by floods of such magnitude; the ex ensive damage and loss .of life ranking with the grea est recorded in this country; the degree to which prio records were exceeded; and the distribution which as such that the greatest floods occurred predominate! on the smaller streams. Property damage has been stimated to be about half a billion dollars and was most~y concentrated in the heavily industrialized valleys f New England. A death toll of 179 persons was attr"buted to the floods. Peak discharges exceeded previ usly established maxima by 2. 2 and 2. 3 times respec ively, on Blackstone River at Woonsocket, R. I. , and Q inebaug River at Putnam, Conn.; 4. 1 times on Nau atuck River near Thomaston, Conn. ; and 4. 5 times on 1 ush Kill at Shoemakers, Pa. A unit runoff of 2, 300 c 1 hie feet per second per square mile occurred from ~· 50 square miles on Powdermill Brook near Westfiel , Mass. Although the floods were generally greate t on the smaller streams, Connecticut River at Hart ord reached the third highest stage since settlement an Delaware River between Port Jervis and Trenton exce ded the previous historic flood of 1903. This adv ce report has been prepared to supply preliminary · formation needed for immediate planning. It has been r leased pending preparation of a more comprehensive r port covering a three-month period of floods within an area from Massachusetts to North Carolina. In luded herein, for the region from Massachuset s to Pennsylvania, are general descriptions of the fEods, peak discharges for the present and previous rec rd floods at gaging stations, peak discharges at m y miscellaneous sites in the areas of greatest floo ing, and detailed stage and discharge data at 51 selecte gaging stations.

Circular↗