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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
USGS2021

Using uncrewed aerial vehicles for identifying the extent of invasive Phragmites australis in treatment areas enrolled in an adaptive management program

Higher spatial and temporal resolutions of remote sensing data are likely to be useful for ecological monitoring efforts. There are many different treatment approaches for the introduced European genotype of Phragmites australis , and adaptive management principles are being integrated in at least some long-term monitoring efforts. In this paper, we investigated how natural color and a smaller set of near-infrared (NIR) images collected with low-cost uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) could help quantify the aboveground effects of management efforts at 20 sites enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework (PAMF) spanning the coastal Laurentian Great Lakes region. We used object-based image analysis and field ground truth data to classify the Phragmites and other cover types present at each of the sites and calculate the percent cover of Phragmites , including whether it was alive or dead, in the UAV images. The mean overall accuracy for our analysis with natural color data was 91.7% using four standardized classes (Live Phragmites , Dead Phragmites , Other Vegetation, Other Non-vegetation). The Live Phragmites class had a mean user’s accuracy of 90.3% and a mean producer’s accuracy of 90.1%, and the Dead Phragmites class had a mean user’s accuracy of 76.5% and a mean producer’s accuracy of 85.2% (not all classes existed at all sites). These results show that UAV-based imaging and object-based classification can be a useful tool to measure the extent of dead and live Phragmites at a series of sites undergoing management. Overall, these results indicate that UAV sensing appears to be a useful tool for identifying the extent of Phragmites at management sites.

Michigan, Wisconsin↗
USGS2021

Nearshore fish species richness and species–habitat associations in the St. Clair–Detroit River System

Shallow water riparian zones of large rivers provide important habitat for fishes, but anthropogenic influences have reduced the availability and quality of these habitats. In the St. Clair–Detroit River System, a Laurentian Great Lakes connecting channel, losses of riparian habitat contributed to impairment of fish populations and their habitats. We conducted a seine survey annually from 2013 to 2019 at ten sites in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers to assess riparian fish communities, and to identify habitat attributes associated with fish species richness and catches of common species. We captured a total of 38,451 fish representing 60 species, with emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides composing the largest portion of the catch. We used an information-theoretic approach to assess the associations between species richness and catches of 33 species with habitat variables (substrate, shoreline vegetation types, and aquatic macrophyte richness). Sand, cobble, and algal substrates and shoreline vegetation were important predictors of species richness based on a multimodel inference approach. However, habitat associations of individual species varied. This work identified manageable habitat variables associated with species richness, while identifying potential tradeoffs for individual species. Further, this work provides baselines for development and evaluation of fish community and shoreline habitat restoration goals.

Michigan↗
USGS2014

Assessment of suitable habitat for Phragmites australis (common reed) in the Great Lakes coastal zone

In the Laurentian Great Lakes, the invasive form of Phragmites australis (common reed) poses a threat to highly productive coastal wetlands and shorelines by forming impenetrable stands that outcompete native plants. Large, dominant stands can derail efforts to restore wetland ecosystems degraded by other stressors. To be proactive, landscape-level management of Phragmites requires information on the current spatial distribution of the species and a characterization of areas suitable for future colonization. Using a recent basin-scale map of this invasive plant’s distribution in the U.S. coastal zone of the Great Lakes, environmental data (e.g., soils, nutrients, disturbance, climate, topography), and climate predictions, we performed analyses of current and predicted suitable coastal habitat using boosted regression trees, a type of species distribution modeling. We also investigated differential influences of environmental variables in the upper lakes (Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron) and lower lakes (Lakes St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario). Basin-wide results showed that the coastal areas most vulnerable to Phragmites expansion were in close proximity to developed lands and had minimal topographic relief, poorly drained soils, and dense road networks. Elevated nutrients and proximity to agriculture also influenced the distribution of Phragmites . Climate predictions indicated an increase in suitable habitat in coastal Lakes Huron and Michigan in particular. The results of this study, combined with a publicly available online decision support tool, will enable resource managers and restoration practitioners to target and prioritize Phragmites control efforts in the Great Lakes coastal zone.

Great Lakes↗
USGS2016

Assessment of dreissenid biodeposits as a potential food resource for invasive Asian carp

Silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) and bighead carp ( H. nobilis ) are poised to invade the Laurentian Great Lakes. Zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) and quagga mussels ( D. rostriformis bugensis ) have shifted nutrient pathways towards the benthos, partly through deposition of feces and rejected food particles called biodeposits. When biodeposit material was fed to bighead and silver carp, they fed on the material, but on average lost weight. Energy density between fed and unfed fish did not differ, but a few individual fish did gain weight on the biodeposits diet. Our results demonstrate that biodeposits might be considered a supplemental food for bigheaded carps.

Michigan↗
USGS2024

Assessing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) occupancy and detection probability within Lake Erie from environmental DNA

Grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ), an invasive cyprinid within the Laurentian Great Lakes, is naturally reproducing in several Lake Erie tributaries, which has raised concerns of the species’ spread throughout Lake Erie and the other Great Lakes. Knowledge of the recent invasion extent outside of the western basin of Lake Erie, particularly in eastern tributaries and nearshore waters, is limited. Understanding the invasion extent would improve the efficacy of ongoing coordinated multi-agency control efforts. Molecular tools, such as environmental DNA (eDNA), have shown promise for early detection of aquatic invasive species. In this study, water samples (N = 476) were collected for grass carp eDNA monthly between May and November in 2018 and 2019, at three sites in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie and the Detroit River. We fit Bayesian multi-scale occupancy models to determine differences in eDNA capture and detection probability among grass carp qPCR assays, sampling sites, and across time. To determine whether grass carp were physically present, and to validate eDNA samples, we quantified recent grass carp presence in sampled areas using an existing acoustic telemetry and field sampling framework. Our results indicate that grass carp eDNA capture probability differed among sites, but there was no difference among months. Positive grass carp eDNA detections were observed across multiple months at each site, with 69% of site-specific sampling events testing positive for grass carp eDNA on at least one assay and replicate. The majority (65%) of weeks where positive eDNA sampling detections occurred also concurrently had one or more grass carp detected via acoustic telemetry 1–6 days prior. Our results highlight the potential utility of using eDNA to monitor the invasion extent of grass carp within the nearshore waters of Lake Erie. However, further evaluation of the factors that influence grass carp eDNA characteristics among sites within Lake Erie are needed to determine its efficacy for surveillance protocols by natural resource management agencies.

Lake Erie↗
USGS2026

Evaluating ichthyoplankton sampling as an effective method for early detection of novel aquatic invasive species in large bays of western Lake Erie

Early detection and monitoring are critically important for effective management of invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Specifically, Lake Erie is at high-risk for aquatic invasive species introductions due to many factors such as shoreline development, warm water temperatures, and transoceanic shipping traffic. Rare species captured are often used as a surrogate to assess sampling effectiveness for new or rare invasive species in vulnerable areas, such as Maumee and Sandusky bays of western Lake Erie. We compared species catches from multiple larval fish collection methods to those from adult and juvenile fish sampling. The specific objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the effectiveness of larval fish sampling for aquatic invasive species early detection in two bays of western Lake Erie: Maumee Bay and Sandusky Bay; 2) evaluate the effectiveness of passive and active sampling techniques at capturing different larval fish taxa; and 3) compare effectiveness of larval sampling techniques to juvenile and adult fish sampling methods for detecting new and rare species. While no new non-native species were captured during the study, we found that larval fish sampling techniques were not effective for detecting new or rare species but could be used with other life-stage sampling. Active sampling with bongo nets was more effective than light trap sampling, capturing a higher number of individuals and taxa. Juvenile and adult fish sampling methods provided higher precision in fish identification without the use of genetic tools. Because of the finer taxonomic resolution possible when identifying juvenile and adult fishes, sampling for adult and juveniles was found to be more robust and reliable for early detection of new and rare species compared to larval fish sampling. However, larval fish sampling can still be appropriate depending on study goals and objectives or as emerging technologies allow for greater taxonomic resolution of sampled fish.

Michigan, Ohio↗
USGS2007

Restoration and rehabilitation of native species in the Great Lakes: Overview

The Laurentian Great Lakes have undergone many changes, both abiotic and biotic, since the early 1900s. Some positive changes have been the relatively recent recovery of some native species and habitats and a concentrated effort toward the recovery of others. The papers in this issue address some of these recoveries and recovery efforts. In addition, an objective of this issue was to communicate ideas and attention to additional research needs. To this end, authors were encouraged to provide novel analyses and hypotheses based on examination of long-term data and reviews of appropriate literature.

Journal of Great Lakes Research↗
USGS2007

Research to support sterile-male-release and genetic alteration techniques for sea lamprey control

Integrated pest management of sea lampreys in the Laurentian Great Lakes has recently been enhanced by addition of a sterile-male-release program, and future developments in genetic approaches may lead to additional methods for reducing sea lamprey reproduction. We review the development, implementation, and evaluation of the sterile-male-release technique (SMRT) as it is being applied against sea lampreys in the Great Lakes, review the current understanding of SMRT efficacy, and identify additional research areas and topics that would increase either the efficacy of the SMRT or expand its geographic potential for application. Key areas for additional research are in the sterilization process, effects of skewed sex ratios on mating behavior, enhancing attractiveness of sterilized males, techniques for genetic alteration of sea lampreys, and sources of animals to enhance or expand the use of sterile lampreys.

Journal of Great Lakes Research↗
USGS2022

Behavior of female adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) exposed to natural and synthesized odors

Conservation and management of Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus and other imperiled lamprey species could include the use of chemosensory cues to attract or repel migrating adults. For restoration programs, passage of adult lamprey at dams might be improved by using cues to help guide lamprey through fishway entrances. In contrast, odors might repel unwanted invasive Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Laurentian Great Lakes from spawning habitats or improve trapping efficiency. We conducted bioassays with Pacific Lamprey in a two-choice maze to evaluate the behavioral response of pre-ovulatory adult females to introduced chemical cues and changes in flow. During overnight tests, for each female we measured the number of entries into each arm of the maze and the amount of time spent in each arm after application of natural odors from pre-spawning conspecifics (males and females) in one of the arms. Using the same methods, we also tested whether adult females were attracted to natural odor from spermiating males, to a synthesized (artificially produced) component of a Sea Lamprey sex pheromone (3-keto petromyzonol sulfate, 3kPZS), or to an attraction flow (12 L/min as reference). In all tests, the lamprey showed consistent nocturnal activity, typically moving from sunset until sunrise and remaining inactive during daylight hours. For natural odors, the number of entries and the amount of time females spent in the treatment arm were not significantly different between control and treatment periods. However, females spent significantly less time in the treatment arm with the synthesized 3kPZS than when no odor was delivered. Females showed strong, positive responses to the attraction flow and with our assay, we could identify significant behavioral responses when the differences between the control and experimental means were greater than 15-20%. The response of lampreys to sex pheromones may be species-specific, with Pacific Lamprey less likely to respond to conspecific odors than Sea Lamprey.

Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management↗
USGS2022

Round Goby captured in a North American estuary: Status and implications in the Hudson River, New York

Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus , a nonnative fish species to North America, has been rapidly expanding through the connected waterways of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Herein, we document the eastward and southern expansion of Round Goby into the Hudson River, New York, an iconic coastal estuary that drains to Long Island Sound and the Atlantic seaboard. In summer and early fall 2021, routine fish monitoring conducted by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation documented a population of Round Goby in the tidal portion of the Hudson River. Over the course of monitoring in 2021, personnel collected 112 Round Goby between Albany, New York, and Poughkeepsie, New York, with the southernmost collection occurring approximately 140 km downstream of invasion front as reported in 2020 within the New York State Canal System. Although Round Goby previously colonized large rivers and streams in the Great Lakes watershed, there is little information about the invasion success and ecological impacts of Round Goby in estuarine environments in North America. We discuss the distribution and biological characteristics of the Hudson River Round Goby population as well as the potential ecological implications and areas of future research and monitoring for this range expansion.

New York↗
USGS2012

The regional abundance and size distribution of lakes and reservoirs in the United States and implication for estimates of global lake extent

We analyzed complete geospatial data for the 3.5 million lakes and reservoirs larger than 0.001 km 2 , with a combined surface area of 131,000 km 2 , in the contiguous United States (excluding the Laurentian Great Lakes) and identified their regional distribution characteristics. For Alaska, we also analyzed (1) incomplete data that suggest that the state contains 1–2.5 million lakes larger than 0.001 km 2 covering over 50,000 km 2 and (2) localized high-resolution (5 m) data that suggest that the number of very small water bodies (< 0.001 km 2 ) may be comparable with the number of lakes > 0.001 km 2 in some areas. The Pareto distribution cannot accurately describe the lake abundance-size relationship across the entire size spectrum, and extrapolation of this density function to small size classes has likely resulted in the overestimation of the number of small lakes in the world. While small water bodies dominate in terms of numbers, they are not numerous enough to dominate in terms of surface area, as has been previously suggested. Extending our results to the global scale suggests that there are on the order of 64 million water bodies larger than 0.001 km 2 in the world, with a total surface area of approximately 3.8 million km 2 .

Limnology and Oceanography↗
USGS2009

Detection and characterization of benthic filamentous algal stands ( Cladophora sp.) on rocky substrata using a high-frequency echosounder

A high-frequency echosounder was used to detect and characterize percent cover and stand height of the benthic filamentous green alga Cladophora sp. on rocky substratum of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Comparisons between in situ observations and estimates of the algal stand characteristics (percent cover, stand height) derived from the acoustic data show good agreement for algal stands that exceeded the height threshold for detection by acoustics (~7.5 cm). Backscatter intensity and volume scattering strength were unable to provide any predictive power for estimating algal biomass. A comparative analysis between the only current commercial software (EcoSAV™) and an alternate method using a graphical user interface (GUI) written in MATLAB® confirmed previous findings that EcoSAV functions poorly in conditions where the substrate is uneven and bottom depth changes rapidly. The GUI method uses a signal processing algorithm similar to that of EcoSAV but bases bottom depth classification and algal stand height classification on adjustable thresholds that can be visualized by a trained analyst. This study documents the successful characterization of nuisance quantities of filamentous algae on hard substrate using an acoustic system and demonstrates the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of collecting information on the distribution of nuisance macroalgae. This study also highlights the need for further development of more flexible classification algorithms that can be used in a variety of aquatic ecosystems.

Great Lakes↗
USGS2019

Back from the brink: Sustainable management of the Lake Erie walleye fishery

This chapter describes management actions implemented after a large-scale population decline of the Walleye Sander vitreus population in Lake Erie, one of the Laurentian Great Lakes in North America. Intensive fishery exploitation during the 1950s combined with declining water quality conditions collapsed the Walleye stock during the early 1960s. The fishery persisted at low levels until 1970 when the fishery was closed (1970–1972) due to elevated mercury concentrations in Walleye tissue. Lake Erie fishery managers at the time recognized the need for a coordinated, multi-agency approach to protect this ecologically, economically, and socially important resource. The harvest ban was lifted in 1973 when mercury levels dropped below advisory levels. In 1976, an interagency management framework was established, which relied on a coordinated, science-based management philosophy consisting of estimating safe harvest levels, performing applied research, and conducting annual population assessments. The population rebounded during the 1980s in response to improving environmental conditions, regulated harvest, and a series of strong recruitment events. Declines in harvest and population size were again observed during the late 1990s and mid-2000s, likely due to variation in natural processes controlling recruitment, and fishery managers enacted harvest practices during this period to promote long-term sustainability. Today, Lake Erie Walleyes support one of the largest self-sustaining freshwater fisheries in North America. Throughout the years, Lake Erie managers have iteratively adopted changes to their population assessment model and altered harvest policies to avoid future fishery and population collapses. More than 40 years later, Lake Erie continues to support commercial and recreational fisheries lake wide. Lessons learned from the stock recovery and subsequent coordinated management for fishery sustainability include the importance of conducting routine population assessments, using science-based research to address key uncertainties, adopting modern stock assessment approaches, incorporating stakeholder input into the quota setting process, and addressing environmental concerns collaboratively at the lake level.

Book chapter↗
USGS2025

Aeromagnetic and magnetotelluric imaging of west-central Idaho and the Stibnite-Yellow Pine mining district: A regional to district perspective

Aeromagnetic and magnetotelluric (MT) data are used to better understand the geology and mineral resources near the Stibnite-Yellow Pine mining district in central Idaho. The reduced-to-pole (RTP) transformation of regional-scale aeromagnetic data shows that allochthonous island-arc rocks west of the Salmon River suture are significantly more magnetic than the Laurentian continental rocks east of the suture and that the granitoids of the Idaho batholith have moderate to low magnetization in both early, metaluminous, and late, peraluminous phases. Application of tilt derivative to aeromagnetic data highlights major crustal-scale structures. The 5-km upward continued magnetic data indicate island-arc rocks have deep magnetic sources. The 110-km-long MT profile images resistivity structure to depths around 30 km. At shallow depths, resistivity corresponds to mapped geologic units, with moderate resistivities underlying volcanic and roof-pendant metasedimentary rocks and moderate to high resistivities occurring beneath the Idaho batholith. Crustal-scale moderate resistivities beneath the suture image the results of tectonomagmatic processes that accompanied suturing and translating allochthonous terranes. Low resistivity values beneath and fringing the batholith are derived from metasedimentary rocks that may have served as a melt source and reductant during melt generation and provided metals during later ore formation. In the Stibnite-Yellow Pine mining district, a high-resolution aeromagnetic compilation is shown to correlate with mapped lithologies and mineral deposit-related structures. The RTP transform distinguishes magnetic and nonmagnetic granitoid phases of the Idaho batholith. The tilt derivative highlights metasedimentary rocks, some of which are favorable ore hosts. The Meadow Creek fault hosts the Stibnite and Hangar Flats deposits and is imaged as a magnetic low due to hydrothermal alteration. Reconstructions of magnetic anomaly offsets and orebodies indicate around 3 km of post-95 Ma dextral separation, with some or all of the offset inferred to postdate the main Au mineralization episode (61–66 Ma).

Idaho↗
USGS2026

A genomic tool to tackle cryptic diversity demonstrates the potential for off-target use of GT-seq panels

A comprehensive understanding of life history is vital to successful species conservation and management. When different life history stages are accompanied by considerable morphological or cryptic variation, such as the egg and larval phases exhibited by most fishes, genomic tools are essential for identifying species so that early-life ecology questions can be studied. Genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing (GT-seq) has recently emerged as a targeted and efficient approach for species identification. We leveraged existing genomic and transcriptomic data to develop a GT-seq panel capable of differentiating the members of the Coregonus artedi complex, a radiation of salmonids in the Laurentian Great Lakes whose members are indistinguishable with mitochondrial DNA barcoding loci and are the focus of bi-national conservation initiatives. Our panel of 494 loci was able to assign fishes in the C. artedi complex to species and lake. We examined cross-amplification in other coregonines with overlapping distributions and found that congeneric Lake Whitefish ( C. clupeaformis ) cross-amplified at 94% of loci and confamilial Round and Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopium spp.) cross-amplified at 42% and 38% of loci, respectively. We adapted bioinformatic probes to account for Prosopium -specific variants including 22 new SNPs and developed a whitelist of 428 SNPs capable of distinguishing these whitefishes. Finally, we demonstrated performance by identifying 3,066 coregonine larvae and juveniles collected in spring 2019-2021 from Lake Superior. These results hold promise for future insights into the species-specific ecology of early life coregonines and demonstrate the flexibility of GT-seq panels, which may cross-amplify hundreds of informative genome-wide loci in related taxa.

BioRxiv↗
USGS2026

Abundance and movement patterns of fish accessing a reconnected Lake Erie coastal wetland: Insights from high-resolution sonar data

Coastal wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes are complex ecosystems that provide essential biological services, including providing habitat for a suite of fish species. As restoration efforts for these coastal wetlands increase, there is a need to characterize how well restored areas support the life histories of wetland, riverine, and lake fishes. Most traditional survey methods (e.g. 24hr trap netting, visual surveys) are implemented over periods of time that make it difficult to describe short-term fluxes in fish activity, especially in waters with difficult access or high turbidity. To address this gap, we used acoustic sonar technology to evaluate fish movement in a recently reconnected coastal wetland on the southern shore of western Lake Erie. Data collected over four years (2011-2014) indicated that the 10 ha wetland was continuously utilized by millions of fish, with discernible fluctuations in usage patterns observed on both daily and annual scales. These insights add to our understanding of how fish assemblages respond to restored coastal wetland habitats and can inform management decisions that may impact fish access (e.g. conduct management activities that may be disruptive to fish populations during periods of reduced utilization). Additional study of short-term fish movements using high-resolution sonar and other technologies will reveal patterns that may enhance the effectiveness of restoration and management efforts in Great Lakes coastal wetlands.

Lake Erie↗
USGS2014

Infection of sea lamprey with an unusual strain of Aeromonas salmonicida

The invasion of the Laurentian Great Lakes by the fish-parasitic sea lamprey has led to catastrophic consequences, including the potential introduction of fish pathogens. Aeromonas salmonicida is a bacterial fish pathogen that causes devastating losses worldwide. Currently, there are five accepted subspecies of Aeromonas salmonicida: A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, masoucida, smithia, achromogenes, and pectinolytica. We discuss the discovery of an isolate of A. salmonicida that is pathogenic to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and exhibits unique phenotypic and molecular characteristics. We examined 181 adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) from the Humber River (Lake Ontario watershed) and 162 adult sea lamprey from Duffins Creek (Lake Ontario watershed) during the spring seasons of 2005–11. Among those, 4/343 (1.2%) sea lamprey were culture positive for A. salmonicida, whereby biochemical and molecular studies identified three of the isolates as A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. The remaining isolate (As-SL1) recovered from Humber River sea lamprey was phenotypically more similar to A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida than to the four other A. salmonicida subspecies. However, unlike A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, As-SL1 was sucrose positive, produced an acid-over-acid reaction on triple-sugar iron medium and did not amplify with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial stretches of the 16S rRNA and DNA gyrase subunit B genes further confirmed that the As-SL1 isolate was not A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida, smithia, achromogenes, or pectinolytica. Based on our analyses, the As-SL1 isolate is either an unusual strain of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida or a novel A. salmonicida subspecies. The four A. salmonicida isolates that were recovered from sea lamprey were pathogenic to rainbow trout in experimental challenge studies. Our study also underscores the potential role of sea lamprey in the ecology of infectious fish diseases.

Journal of Wildlife Diseases↗
USGS2024

Bayesian multistate models for measuring invasive carp movement and evaluating telemetry array performance

Understanding the movement patterns of an invasive species can be a powerful tool in designing effective management and control strategies. Here, we used a Bayesian multistate model to investigate the movement of two invasive carp species, silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) and bighead carp ( H. nobilis ), using acoustic telemetry. The invaded portions of the Illinois and Des Plaines Rivers, USA, are a high priority management zone in the broader efforts to combat the spread of invasive carps from reaching the Laurentian Great Lakes. Our main objective was to characterize the rates of upstream and downstream movements by carps between river pools that are maintained by navigation lock and dam structures. However, we also aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the available telemetry infrastructure to monitor carp movements through this system. We found that, on a monthly basis, most individuals of both species remained within their current river pools: averaging 76.2% of silver carp and 75.5% of bighead carp. Conversely, a smaller proportion of silver carp, averaging 14.2%, and bighead carp, averaging 13.9%, moved to downstream river pools. Movements towards upstream pools were the least likely for both species, with silver carp at an average of 6.7% and bighead carp at 7.9%. The highest probabilities for upstream movements were for fish originating from the three most downstream river pools, where most of the population recruitment occurs. However, our evaluation of the telemetry array’s effectiveness indicated low probability to detect fish in this portion of the river. We provide insights to enhance the placement and use of these monitoring tools, aiming to deepen our comprehension of these species’ movement patterns in the system.

Illinois↗