Toxicity of a management bait for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) incorporated with Antimycin A
No current technology can specifically target grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) for control within aquatic ecosystems. Rotenone and Carbon Dioxide-Carp are currently the only available registered pesticides for grass carp; they are nonselective and typically applied throughout the water, equally exposing target and native species. A more selective control tool or pesticide application could be used by resource managers to support mitigation efforts. Development of delivery systems that exploit carp feeding strategies could increase selectivity of pesticides and minimize effects on native fishes. A pesticide with selective delivery could be less labor intensive and used within an integrative pest management strategy. The present study examined Antimycin A toxicity in juvenile and sub-adult grass carp and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) across two routes of exposure. Water-based toxicity studies were used to calculate the concentration to cause lethality in 50% of treated fish (LC 50 ) at 24-h, while oral gavage toxicity studies were used to calculate the dose to cause lethality in 50% of treated grass carp and rainbow trout (LD 50 ) 24- to 96-h. Although rainbow trout were more sensitive than grass carp to Antimycin A through water-based exposure, oral toxicity was similar between species, even with inherent gastrointestinal morphological differences. Successful delivery of a lethal dose of Antimycin A to grass carp was achieved through an oral route of exposure using the rapeseed bait and shows promise for registration as a control tool and eventual use in pest management plans. Although a lethal dose of Antimycin A could be incorporated into a single bait pellet, more bait was required to achieve desired mortality when fed to fish under laboratory conditions.