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Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 2004--volume 2. ground-water data

Water-resources data for the 2004 water year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams: stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 contains a summary of the hydrologic conditions for 2004 water year; a listing of current water resource projects in New Jersey; a bibliography of water-related reports, articles, and fact sheets completed by the Geological Survey in recent years; records of ground-water levels from 196 wells; and a table of discontinued observation wells for which ground-water-level data are available. The locations of the ground-water level sites are shown on figure 4. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, Sate, and local agencies in New Jersey.

Water Data Report↗

Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 2005.Volume 2 - ground-water data

Water-resources data for the 2005 water year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams: stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 contains a summary of the hydrologic conditions for 2005 water year; a listing of current water resource projects in New Jersey; a bibliography of water-related reports, articles, and fact sheets completed by the Geological Survey in recent years; records of ground-water levels from 214 wells; and a table of discontinued observation wells for which ground-water-level data are available. The locations of the ground-water level sites are shown on figure 4. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in New Jersey.

Water Data Report↗

Water resources data, New Jersey, water year 1998; Volume 2. Ground-water data

Water-resources data for the 1998 water year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 contains a summary of the hydrologic conditions for 1998 water year; a listing of current water resource projects in New Jersey; a bibliography of water-related reports, articles, and fact sheets completed by the Geological Survey in recent years; records of ground-water levels from 190 wells; and a table of discontinued observation wells for which ground-water-level data are available. The locations of the ground-water level sites are shown on figure 3. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in New Jersey.

New Jersey↗

Estimated water withdrawals, water use, and water consumption in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, and Wisconsin, 1950-95

From 1950 through 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey tabulated water withdrawals throughout the United States, including the northcentral States of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, and Wisconsin. During this period, total water withdrawals increased in each of the north-central States by at least a factor of two. Illinois led the north-central States in total withdrawals, withdrawals from surface water and, typically, withdrawals from ground water. Per capita withdrawals were largest in Indiana or Illinois, however, the disparity in per capita withdrawals in the north-central States decreased from 1950 through 1995. Surface water was the source of 75 to 95 percent of all water withdrawals in the north-central States and consistently accounted for over 90 percent of total withdrawals in Illinois. From 1950 through 1995, the magnitude of increase in withdrawals from surface water was lower in Illinois than in most of the other north-central States, even though surface-water withdrawals in Illinois increased from about 9,000 to 19,000 million gallons per day. Total water withdrawals from ground water in Illinois have decreased by about 150 million gallons per day since 1975. From 1950 through 1995, from 68 to 86 percent of the total water withdrawals in Illinois were for generation of thermoelectric power; this percentage is higher than for the other north-central States and has increased since 1970. Approximately 12 percent of water withdrawals in Illinois are for municipal water supply, which was consistent with the other north-central States. Ten percent or less of the water withdrawn in the north-central States is estimated to have been consumed.

Water-Resources Investigations Report↗

Surface-Water, Water-Quality, and Ground-Water Assessment of the Municipio of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 1999-2002

The surface-water assessment portion of this study focused on analysis of low-flow characteristics in local streams and rivers, because the supply of safe drinking water was a critical issue during recent dry periods. Low-flow characteristics were evaluated at one continuous-record gaging station based on graphical curve-fitting techniques and log-Pearson Type III frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics for 20 partial-record stations were generated using graphical-correlation techniques. Flow-duration characteristics for the continuous- and partial-record stations were estimated using the relation curves developed for the low-flow study. Stream low-flow statistics document the general hydrology under current land use, water-use, and climatic conditions. A survey of streams and rivers utilized 37 sampling stations to evaluate the sanitary quality of about 165 miles of stream channels. River and stream samples for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus analyses were collected on two occasions at base-flow conditions. Bacteriological analyses indicate that a significant portion of the stream reaches within the municipio of Mayaguez may have fecal coliform bacteria concentrations above the water-quality goal (standard) established by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico) for inland surface waters. Sources of fecal contamination may include: illegal discharge of sewage to storm-water drains, malfunctioning sanitary sewer ejectors, clogged and leaking sewage pipes, septic tank leakage, unfenced livestock, and runoff from livestock pens. Long-term fecal coliform data from five sampling stations located within or in the vicinity of the municipio of Mayaguez have been in compliance with the water-quality goal for fecal coliform concentration established in July 1990. Geologic, topographic, soil, hydrogeologic, and streamflow data were compiled into a database and used to divide the municipio of Mayaguez into five hydrogeologic terranes. This integrated database then was used to evaluate the ground-water potential of each hydrogeologic terrane. Lineament-trace analysis was used to help assess the ground-water development potential in the hydrogeologic terranes containing igneous rocks. Analyses suggest that areas with slopes greater than 15 degrees have relatively low ground-water development potential. The presence of fractures, independent of the topographic slope, may locally enhance the water-bearing properties in the hydrogeologic terranes containing igneous rocks. The results of this study indicate that induced streamflow generally is needed to sustain low to moderate ground-water withdrawal rates in the five hydrogeologic terranes. The ground-water flow systems in the hydrogeologic terranes are only able to sustain small withdrawal rates that rarely exceed 50 gallons per minute. Areas with a high density of fractures, as could be the case at the intersection of lineament traces in the upper parts of the Rio Ca?as and Rio Yaguez watersheds, are worthy of exploratory drilling for ground-water development.

Water-Resources Investigations Report↗

The role of ground water in the national water situation: With state summaries based on reports by District Offices of Ground Water Branch

Ground water in the United States has emerged from a quantitatively minor (though incalculably valuable) water source, whose chief role was in the settlement of primitive areas, to a major source now accounting for one-fifth to one-sixth of the Nation's total withdrawal requirements for water. With the growth in ground-water withdrawals is an accompanying growth in the realization that large-scale development of ground water is feasible only on the basis of a fuller understanding than has existed to date of the complex interrelations of the hydrologic cycle and of ground water's place in the cycle This report outlines briefly the principles of water occurrence and describes the water situation in the United States as of 1960-61, with emphasis on the occurrence of ground water and the status of development and accompanying problems. The Nation has been divided into 10 major ground-water regions by H. E. Thomas (1952a). The report summarizes the occurrence and development of ground water in each of Thomas' regions. In a large terminal section it also describes the occurrence and development of water, again with emphasis on ground water, in each of the 50 States and in certain other areas. The main text ends with a discussion of the water situation and prospects of the Nation.

Water Supply Paper↗

Optimizing water depth for wetland-dependent wildlife could increase wetland restoration success, water efficiency, and water security

Securing water for wetland restoration efforts will be increasingly difficult as human populations demand more water and climate change alters the hydrologic cycle. Minimizing water use at a restoration site could help justify water use to competing users, thereby increasing future water security. Moreover, optimizing water depth for focal species will increase habitat quality and the probability that the restoration is successful. We developed and validated spatial habitat models to optimize water depth within wetland restoration projects along the lower Colorado River intended to benefit California black rails ( Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus ). We observed a 358% increase in the number of black rails detected in the year after manipulating water depth to maximize the amount of predicted black rail habitat in two wetlands. The number of black rail detections in our restoration sites was similar to those at our reference site. Implementing the optimal water depth in each wetland decreased water use while simultaneously increasing habitat suitability for the focal species. Our results also provide experimental confirmation of past descriptive accounts of black rail habitat preferences and provide explicit water depth recommendations for future wetland restoration efforts for this species of conservation concern; maintain surface water depths between saturated soil and 100 mm. Efforts to optimize water depth in restored wetlands around the world would likely increase the success of wetland restorations for the focal species while simultaneously minimizing and justifying water use.

Arizona↗

Surface water and climatologic data, Salt Lake County, Utah, water year 1981, with selected data for water years 1980 and 1982

This report contains precipitation, atmospheric-deposition, water- discharge and water-quality data collected in Salt Lake County as part of two investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey. The purpose of this report is to release data collected mainly during the 1981 water year. Selected data collected during the 1980 water year not previously published or revised and the 1982 water year also are included in this report. The first investigation, which was carried out from September 1979 to August 1982, was an urban-runoff study done in cooperation with the Salt Lake County Division of Flood Control and Water Quality. The objectives of the urban-runoff study were to identify the impact of urban runoff on the quantity and quality of the water in the canals east of the Jordan River and on the major tributaries to the river. The second investigation, which was carried out from December 1979 to September 1983, is a study of water-quality problems in the Jordan River. The study was done primarily to provide information about toxic substances, dissolved-oxygen depletion, sanitary quality, and turbidity and suspended sediment in the Jordan River. It also was funded in part by the Salt Lake County Division of Flood Control and Water Quality. Several Salt Lake County employees assisted in the collection of water- quality samples from storm runoff. Of those employees, Lee R. Armstrong, Gilbert H. Heal, Steven J. Mitckes, and Ben Santistevan worked on a daily basis with the authors and made a significant contribution in the collection of the data contained in this report. Organizations that furnished data are acknowledged in the station descriptions in tables 1 and 4. Information for previously published water-discharge, water-quality, atmospheric-deposition, and precipitation data for Salt Lake County are reported by Pyper and others (1981); Dustin (1977); Hely and others (1971) and references that they cited; and Feth and others (1964). Additional water- discharge and water-quality data, published annually by the U.S. Geological Survey, and climatologic data, published monthly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, are available for Salt Lake County. (See for example, U.S. Geological Survey, 1982 and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1982.)

Utah↗

Water-quality assessments of ground water and surface water in the Warwick aquifer area, Fort Totten Indian Reservation, North Dakota

A data summary was prepared to assess the quality of ground water and surface water in the Warwick aquifer area. During 1967-93, a total of 205 samples were collected from 61 wells and 18 surface-water locations, and the samples were analyzed for various water-quality constituents. Overall, the quality of ground water in the Warwick aquifer is within the selected drinking water guidelines for North Dakota, and the quality of water from wells less than or equal to 25 feet deep and wells greater than 25 feet deep is similar. Only a few water-quality constituents had concentrations that exceeded the selected drinking water guidelines for North Dakota. Arsenic concentrations neared or exceeded North Dakota drinking water standards in samples collected from two wells greater than 133 feet deep located within the production well field area. Thus, arsenic may be a concern in deeper portions of the aquifer. The quality of the surface water in the Warwick aquifer area was similar to the quality of the ground water in the aquifer. However, specific conductance, pH values, and concentrations of common agricultural pesticides generally are greater in the surface water than in the ground water.

Open-File Report↗

Water-Quality Constituents, Dissolved-Organic-Carbon Fractions, and Disinfection By-Product Formation in Water from Community Water-Supply Wells in New Jersey, 1998-99

Water samples were collected from 20 community water-supply wells in New Jersey to assess the chemical quality of the water before and after chlorination, to characterize the types of organic carbon present, and to determine the disinfection by-product formation potential. Water from the selected wells previously had been shown to contain concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that were greater than 0.2 mg/L. Of the selected wells, five are completed in unconfined (or semi-confined) glacial-sediment aquifers of the Piedmont and Highlands (New England) Physiographic Provinces, five are completed in unconfined bedrock aquifers of the Piedmont Physiographic Province, and ten are completed in unconsolidated sediments of the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. Four of the ten wells in the Coastal Plain are completed in confined parts of the aquifers; the other six are in unconfined aquifers. One or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in untreated water from all of the 16 wells in unconfined aquifers, some at concentrations greater than maximum contaminant levels. Those compounds detected included aliphatic compounds such as trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, aromatic compounds such as benzene, the trihalomethane compound, chloroform, and the gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Concentrations of sodium and chloride in water from one well in a bedrock aquifer and sulfate in water from another exceeded New Jersey secondary standards for drinking water. The source of the sulfate was geologic materials, but the sodium and chloride probably were derived from human inputs. DOC fractions were separated by passing water samples through XAD resin columns to determine hydrophobic fractions from hydrophilic fractions. Concentrations of hydrophobic acids were slightly lower than those of combined hydrophilic acids, neutral compounds, and low molecular weight compounds in most samples. Water samples from the 20 wells were adjusted to a pH of 7, dosed with sodium hypochlorite, and incubated for 168 hours (seven days) at 25 ?C to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). Concentrations of the DBPs-trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and chlorate-were measured. Concentrations of these compounds, with few exceptions, were higher in water from Coastal Plain wells than from wells in glacial and bedrock aquifers. The organic-carbon fractions were dosed with sodium hypochlorite, incubated for 168 hours at 25 ?C, and analyzed for trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and chlorate. Concentrations of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were higher in most of the hydrophobic organic-acid fractions than in the hydrophilic fractions, with the highest concentrations in samples from Coastal Plain aquifers. Traces of haloacetonitriles were measured, mostly in the hydrophilic fraction. The aromaticity of the precursor DOC, as estimated by measurements of the absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nanometers, apparently is a factor in the DBP formation potentials determined, as aromaticity was greater in the samples that developed high concentrations of DBPs. VOCs may have contributed to the organic carbon present in some of the samples, but much of the DOC present in water from the 20 wells appeared to be natural in origin. The sediments of the Coastal Plain aquifers, in particular, contain substantial amounts of organic matter, which contribute ammonia, organic nitrogen, and aromatic DOC compounds to the ground water. Thus, the geologic characteristics of the aquifers appear to be a major factor in the potential for ground water to form DBPs when chlorinated.

Scientific Investigations Report↗

Water resources data for Florida, water year 1980--Volume 2B. South Florida ground water

Water resources data for the 1980 water year in Florida consists of continuous of daily discharge for 271 streams, periodic discharge for 47 streams, continuous or daily stage for 67 streams, periodic stage for 49 streams, peak discharge for 76 streams and peak stage for 23 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 75 lakes, periodic elevations f or 128 lakes; continuous ground water levels for 483 wells and periodic ground water levels for 661 wells; and miscellaneous water level measurements for 2,807 wells; quality of water data for 301 surface water sites and 842 wells. The data for south Florida includes continuous or daily discharge for 82 streams, periodic discharge for 1 stream, peak discharge for 2 streams, continuous or daily stage for 21 streams and periodic stage for 37 streams; continuous elevations for 15 lakes and periodic elevations for 4 lakes; continuous ground water levels for 178 wells, periodic ground water levels for 178 wells, and miscellaneous water level measurements for 539 wells; quality of water for 136 surface water sites and for 282 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗

Water resources data, Florida water year 1982, Volume 1A: Northeast Florida surface water

Water resources data for the 1982 water year in Florida consists of continuous or daily discharge for 264 streams, periodic discharge for 41 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 71 streams, continuous or daily stage for 102 streams, periodic stage for 15 streams, peak discharge for 83 streams and peak stage for 8 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 102 lakes, periodic elevations for 111 lakes; continuous ground water levels for 420 wells, periodic ground water levels for 587 wells, and miscellaneous water level measurements for 2,794 wells; quality of water data for 327 surface water sites and 791 wells. The data for northeast Florida includes continuous or daily discharge for 61 streams, periodic discharge for 8 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 21 streams, peak discharge for 29 streams, low-flow discharge for 2 streams, continuous or daily stage for 73 streams; continuous elevations for 40 lakes and periodic elevations for 15 lakes; continuous ground water levels for 32 wells, periodic ground water levels for 91 wells, and miscellaneous water level measurements for 779 wells; quality of water for 23 surface water sites and for 173 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗

Water resources data, Florida, water year 1984. Volume 1A: Northeast Florida - surface water

Water resources data for the 1984 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 251 streams, periodic discharge for 32 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 43 streams, continuous or daily stage for 92 streams, periodic stage for 31 streams, peak discharge for 60 streams and peak stage for 37 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 73 lakes, periodic elevations for 82 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 467 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 539 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 2,039 wells; quality-of-water data for 200 surface-water sites and 596 wells. The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 65 streams, periodic discharge for 7 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 21 streams, continuous or daily stage for 37 streams, peak discharge for 15 streams and peak stage for 8 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 22 lakes, periodic elevations for 33 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 31 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 90 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 563 wells; quality-of-water data for 15 surface-water sites and 45 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗

Water resources data for Florida, water year 1984. Volume 1B: Northeast Florida - Ground water

Water resources data for the 1984 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 251 streams, periodic discharge for 32 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 43 streams, continuous or daily stage for 92 streams, periodic stage for 31 streams, peak discharge for 60 streams and peak stage for 37 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 73 lakes, periodic elevations for 82 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 467 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 539 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 2,039 wells; quality-of-water data for 200 surface-water sites and 596 wells. The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 65 streams, periodic discharge for 7 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 21 streams, continuous or daily stage for 37 streams, peak discharge for 15 streams and peak stage for 8 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 22 lakes, periodic elevations for 33 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 31 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 90 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 563 wells; quality-of-water data for 15 surface-water sites and 45 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U. S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗

Water resources data for Florida, water year 1986. Volume 1A. Northeast Florida surface water

Water resources data for the 1986 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 277 streams, periodic discharge for 38 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 34 streams, continuous or daily stage for 77 streams, periodic stage for 20 streams, peak discharge for 88 streams, and peak stage for 69 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 69 lakes, periodic elevations for 72 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 476 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 1,226 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 1,570 wells; quality-of-water data for 188 surface-water sites and 878 wells. The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 70 streams, periodic discharge for 9 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 21 streams, continuous or daily stage for 27 streams, periodic stage for 8 streams, peak discharge for 21 streams, and peak stage for 25 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 20 lakes, periodic elevations for 35 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 40 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 105 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 589 wells; quality-of-water data for 19 surface-water sites and 82 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗

Water resources data for Florida, water year 1986. Volume 1B. Northeast Florida - ground water

Water resources data for the 1986 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 277 streams, periodic discharge for 38 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 34 streams, continuous or daily stage for 77 streams, periodic stage for 20 streams, peak discharge for 88 streams, and peak stage for 69 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 69 lakes, periodic elevations for 72 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 476 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 1,226 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 1,570 wells; quality-of-water data for 188 surface-water sites and 878 wells. The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 70 streams,periodic discharge for 9 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 21 streams, continuous or daily stage for 27 streams, periodic stage for 8 streams, peak discharge for 21 streams, and peak stage for 25 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 20 lakes, periodic elevations for 35 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 40 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 105 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 589 wells; quality-of-water data for 19 surface-water sites and 82 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗

Water resources data, Florida, water year 1987. Volume 1B. Northeast Florida - ground water

Water resources data for the 1987 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 320 streams, periodic discharge for 38 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 29 streams, continuous or daily stage for 94 streams, periodic stage for 48 streams, peak discharge for 76 streams, and peak stage for 69 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 80 lakes, periodic elevations for 74 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 477 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 562 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 2,886 wells; quality-of-water data for 223 surface-water sites and 900 wells. The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 125 streams, periodic discharge for 15 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 14 streams, continuous or daily stage for 45 streams, periodic stage for 27 streams, peak discharge for 26 streams, and peak stage for 27 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 39 lakes, periodic elevations for 53 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 81 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 150 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 969 wells; quality-of-water data for 59 surface-water sites and 105 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗

Water Resources Data for Florida, Water Year 1988. Volume 1A. Northeast Florida - Surface Water

Water-resources data for the 1988 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 338 streams, periodic discharge for 34 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 28 streams, continuous or daily stage for 152 streams, periodic stage for 29 streams, peak discharge for 71 streams, continuous daily tide stage 8, and peak stage for 84 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 73 lakes, periodic elevations for 72 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 490 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 1,620 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 2,678 wells; quality-of-water data for 158 surface-water sites and 884 wells. The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 132 streams, periodic discharge for 15 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 14 streams, continuous or daily stage for 45 streams, periodic stage for 27 streams, peak discharge for 26 streams, and peak stage for 27 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 39 lakes, periodic elevations for 53 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 81 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 150 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 970 wells; quality-of-water data for 59 surface-water sites and 100 wells. These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.

Florida↗