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Robowell: Providing accurate and current water-level and water-quality data in real time for protecting ground-water resources

Gregory E. Granato·Kirk P. Smith
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Gregory E. Granato, Kirk P. Smith. 2002. Robowell: Providing accurate and current water-level and water-quality data in real time for protecting ground-water resources. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05302

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Introduction Urban stormwater runoff can be an issue in many communities because it may cause flooding, overwhelm sewage treatment plants, and negatively affect water quality in local streams, lakes, and other waterbodies. Stormwater runoff can be controlled by using "green infrastructure," which consists of engineered structures that imitate nature to collect stormwater runoff, reduce the amount of runoff, and improve water quality. In 2014, the city of Gary, Indiana implemented green infrastructure to reduce the negative effects of urban stormwater on Lake Michigan and its tributaries. From November 2016 to June 2017, the mostly impermeable parking lot in front of Gary City Hall was removed and rebuilt with a rain garden. The U.S. Geological Survey studied how the rain garden reduced stormwater runoff and published results in Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5101.

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