Timing of and pressure-temperature constraints on deformation in the Toxaway dome, eastern Blue Ridge: Evidence for continuous deformation from the Neoacadian orogeny to the Alleghanian orogeny

Abstract

Many mountain belts are built through repeated collision, and in the case of orogenies closely spaced in time, determining when one orogeny ends and another begins can be challenging. The southern Appalachian mountains were formed by three mountain-building events closely spaced in time, including the Taconic (ca. 480–440 Ma), Neoacadian (ca. 375–340 Ma), and Alleghanian (ca. 330–265 Ma) orogenies. Notably, the end of the Neoacadian and the beginning of the Alleghanian are only separated by ~10 m.y., and some published dates record deformation and metamorphism in the eastern Blue Ridge during this interval, blurring the boundary between these two discrete events. The Toxaway dome, located along the North Carolina–South Carolina, USA, border at the eastern edge of the eastern Blue Ridge, is a structural dome cored by Mesoproterozoic Toxaway Gneiss and surrounded by the younger Tallulah Falls Formation. Previous ages constraints from the Toxaway dome (343 and 338 Ma U-Pb zircon ages) make it an ideal location to explore whether there was continuous deformation during this period of supposed quiescence between the Neoacadian and Alleghanian orogenies. We used optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction in quartz to determine deformation temperatures, thermobarometry to determine metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions, and monazite petrochronology to determine the timing of deformation. Quartz and feldspar recrystallization fabrics parallel to dome-defining fabrics indicate deformation occurred at amphibolite-facies conditions, which is corroborated by our pressure-temperature estimates of 0.67–0.8 ± 0.12 GPa and 661–689 ± 25 °C. Monazite grains that record the timing of reactions of garnet growth and breakdown range from 342 ± 4.8 Ma to 296 ± 10.8 Ma, bridging the interval between the Neoacadian and Alleghanian orogenies. Three samples from the nearby Tallulah Falls dome, which occupies a similar structural position along the edge of the eastern Blue Ridge in Georgia, record monazite dates of 334 ± 4.2 Ma to 304 ± 4.8 Ma, indicating there was tectonic activity in this region before the commonly defined beginning of the Alleghanian orogeny. We propose (1) there was no period of quiescence between the Neoacadian and Alleghanian orogenies in the eastern Blue Ridge, and (2) deformation during this time was at higher temperatures and pressures than previously reported.