Geochemistry of coastal tarballs in southern California—A tribute to I. R. Kaplan

The significance of observations at active volcanoes; A review and annotated bibliography of studies at Kilauea and Mount St. Helens

Study of active volcanoes yields information of much broader significance than to only the discipline of volcanology. Some applications are 1) interpretation of lava-flow structures, stratigraphic complexities, and petrologic relations in older volcanic units; 2) interpretation of bulk properties of the mantle and constraints on partial melting and deep magma transport; 3) interpretation of geophysical characteristics of potentially active volcanic systems; 4) direct determination of physical properties of molten and solidified basalt, and of intensive variables (e.g., oxygen fugacity and temperature) accompanying cooling and crystallization; 5) quantitative assessment of crystal fractionation and magma mixing, 6) tests of theoretical and experimental geochemical, geophysical, and rheologic models of volcanic behavior; and 7) confirmation in nature of laboratory experiments related to crystallization in igneous systems. The critical factors that make real-time study of volcanic activity valuable are that the location and timing of events are known, and that molten rock and gases are available for direct observation and sampling for subsequent study. Observations made over a period of time make it possible to calculate rates of magma transport, storage, and crystallization, as well as to quantitatively determine elastic and inelastic deformation and the build up and decay of stress within the active volcanic system. Discussion of these topics is keyed to an annotated bibliography from which quantitative information on properties and processes may be obtained. Emphasis is on Hawaii's active basaltic volcanoes for which the most information is available. Additional references are made to research at Mount St. Helens, one of the first real-time studies of an active volcano of dacitic composition.