A decision framework for identifying models to estimate forest ecosystem services gains from restoration

Active forest management accelerates carbon storage in plantation forests in Lishui, southern China

Background China has committed to achieving peak CO 2 emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060; therefore, accelerated efforts are needed to better understand carbon accounting in industry and energy fields as well as terrestrial ecosystems. The carbon sink capacity of plantation forests contributes to the mitigation of climate change. Plantation forests throughout the world are intensively managed, and there is an urgent need to evaluate the effects of such management on long-term carbon dynamics. Methods We assessed the carbon cycling patterns of ecosystems characterized by three typical plantation species (Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.), oak ( Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.), and pine ( Pinus massoniana Lamb.)) in Lishui, southern China, by using an integrated biosphere simulator (IBIS) tuned with localized parameters. Then, we used the state-and-transition simulation model (STSM) to study the effects of active forest management (AFM) on carbon storage by combining forest disturbance history and carbon cycle regimes. Results 1) The carbon stock of the oak plantation was lower at an early age (<50 years) but higher at an advanced age (>50 years) than that of the Chinese fir and pine plantations. 2) The carbon densities of the pine and Chinese fir plantations peaked at 70 years (223.36 ​Mg·ha ‒1 ) and 64 years (232.04 ​Mg·ha ‒1 ), respectively, while the carbon density in the oak plantation continued increasing (>100 years). 3) From 1989 to 2019, the total carbon pools of the three plantation ecosystems followed an upward trend (an annual increase of 0.16–0.22 ​Tg ​C), with the largest proportional increase in the aboveground biomass carbon pool. 4) AFM increased the recovery of carbon storage after 1996 and 2009 in the pine and Chinese fir plantations, respectively, but did not result in higher growth in the oak plantation. 5) The proposed harvest planning is reasonable and conducive to maximizing the carbon sequestration capacity of the forest. Conclusions This study provides an example of a carbon cycle coupling model that is potentially suitable for simulating China's plantation forest ecosystems and supporting carbon accounting to monitor peak CO 2 emissions and reach carbon neutrality.