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USGS · 70124913

The Florida Everglades ecosystem: climatic and anthropogenic impacts over the last two millennia

Debra A. Willard·Charles W. Holmes·Lisa M. Weimer
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Debra A. Willard, Charles W. Holmes, Lisa M. Weimer. 2001. The Florida Everglades ecosystem: climatic and anthropogenic impacts over the last two millennia. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70124913

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USGS2010

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Numerous new specimens reveal a greater presence of chitons in Upper Cambrian rocks than previously suspected. Evidence is presented showing that the chiton esthete sensory system is present in all chiton species in this study at the very beginning of the known polyplacophoran fossil record. The stratigraphic occurrences and paleobiogeography of Late Cambrian chitons are documented. The 14 previously-named families of Cambrian and Ordovician chitons are reviewed and analyzed. Aulochitonidae n. fam. is defined, based on Aulochiton n. gen.; A. sannerae n. sp. is also defined. The long misunderstood family Preacanthochitonidae and its type genus Preacanthochiton Bergenhayn, 1960, are placed in synonymy with Mattheviidae and Chelodes Davidson & King, 1874, respectively; Eochelodes Marek, 1962, also is placed in synonymy with Chelodes, and Elongata Stinchcomb & Darrough, 1995, is placed in synonymy with Hemithecella Ulrich & Bridge, 1941. At the species level, H. elongata Stinchcomb & Darrough, 1995, and Elongata perplexa Stinchcomb & Darrough, 1995, are placed in synonymy with H. eminensis Stinchcomb & Darrough, 1995. The Ordovician species H. abrupta Stinchcomb & Darrough, 1995, is transferred to the genus Chelodes as C. abrupta (Stinchcomb & Darrough, 1995). The Ordovician species Preacanthochiton baueri Hoare & Pojeta, 2006, is transferred to the genus Helminthochiton as H. ? baueri (Hoare & Pojeta, 2006). The Ordovician species H. marginatus Hoare & Pojeta, 2006, is transferred to the genus Litochiton as L. marginatus (Hoare & Pojeta, 2006). Matthevia walcotti Runnegar, Pojeta, Taylor, & Collins, 1979, is treated as a synonym of Hemithecella expansa Ulrich & Bridge, 1941. In addition, other multivalved Cambrian mollusks are discussed; within this group, Dycheiidae n. fam. is defined, as well as Paradycheia dorisae n. gen. and n. sp. Cladistic analysis indicates a close relationship among the genera here assigned to the Mattheviidae, and between Echinochiton Pojeta, Eernisse, Hoare, & Henderson, 2003, and mattheviids. The results suggest treating these taxa as stem-lineage chitons, and do not support the hypothesis that they are aplacophorans.

Bulletins of American Paleontology↗
USGS2007

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Zaphrentis is one of the most widely used names in Paleozoic coral paleontology. Species of "Zaphrentis" have been named from every Paleozoic System except the Cambrian. Variants of the word, such as zaphrentoid, are widely used with varied meanings. Nomenclatural spinoffs are numerous: Neozaphrentis and Heterophrentis are obvious examples, but dozens of additional genera have type species that were originally described in Zaphrentis. Many paleontologists are familiar with the word but few really know what it means. Zaphrentis (as a subgenus) and five new species were named in 1820, based on corals from the Falls of the Ohio River between Louisville, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Indiana. Descriptions were minimal, none was illustrated, and no specimens were preserved as types. Nominal species of "Zaphrentis" proliferated for over 100 years before a redescription based on Falls specimens was published (1938), the probable source beds recognized (1942), a neotype selected (1965) and adequately described and illustrated (1981). At this time, I recognize only four zaphrentid genera: Zaphrentis (middle Eifelian), Heliophyllum (middle Emsian through Givetian), Aemulophyllum (middle Emsian), and Cyathocylindrium (lower Emsian?; middle Emsian through Eifelian). All four genera seem to have originated in the Eastern Americas Biogeographic Realm. Heliophyllum is the most common, has the longest stratigraphic range, and is the only one known to occur outside of its area of origin. Heliophyllum modicum n. sp., once discussed as a possible Zaphrentis, is described and compared with both the type species of Zaphrentis and other Heliophyllum species. A single coral specimen from the Indian Cove Formation (upper Pragian or lower Emsian), Gaspe??, Quebec, is considered the earliest known zaphrentid and is described as Cyathocylindrium? n. sp.

Bulletins of American Paleontology↗
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A clear distinction may be drawn between the perpendicular architecture of the feeding apparatus of ozarkodinid, prioniodontid and prioniodinid conodonts, in which the P elements are situated at a high angle to the M and S elements, and the parallel architecture of panderodontid and other coniform apparatuses, where two suites of coniform elements lie parallel to each other and oppose across the midline. The quest for homologies between the two architectures has been fraught with difficulty, at least in part because of the paucity of natural assemblages of coniform taxa. A diagenetically fused apparatus of Cordylodns lindstroini elements is here described which is made up of one rounded and two compressed element morphotypes. One of the compressed elements is bowed and asymmetrical and the other is unbowed and more symmetrical. These compressed elements are considered to be homologous with those of panderodontid apparatuses and would have lain at the caudal end of the parallel arrays, with the more symmetrical morphotypes located rostrally to the asymmetrical ones. The bowed and unbowed compressed elements of Cordylodns thus correspond, respectively, to the pt and pf positions of panderodontid apparatuses. In addition, the presence of symmetry transition within the rounded elements of Cordylodns, but not the compressed morphotypes, enables correlation of these with the S and M element locations of ozarkodinid apparatuses. By extension, the compressed elements must be homologues of the P elements. Specifically, the asymmetrical pt morphotype is homologous with the P1 of ozarkodinids and the more symmetrical and rostral pf morphotype is homologous with the P2 position. However, because of uncertainties over the nature of topological transformation of the rostral element array (the "rounded" or "costate" suites), it is not possible to recognize specific homologies between these elements and the M and S elements of ozarkodinids. Morphologic differentiation of P from M and S element suites thus preceded the topological transformation from parallel to perpendicular apparatus architectures.

Bulletins of American Paleontology↗