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Research about Tennessee, Kentucky

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Site-specific seismic-hazard analysis that is completely probabilistic

When a site - specific probabilistic ground-motion estimate is required, the full site -amplification distribution should be used instead of a single deterministic median value. A probabilistic methodology using site -amplification distributions to modify rock ground-motion attenuation relations into site - specific relations prior to calculating seismic hazard has been developed and applied at two selected sites in the central United States: Memphis, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky. The use of a completely probabilistic approach can make about a 10% difference in ground-motion estimates over simply multiplying a bedrock probabilistic ground motion by a median site -amplification factor at a 1 in 2475 annual probability of exceedance and even larger differences at smaller probabilites of exceedance. The value of this approach is that a probabilistic answer incorporating the uncertainty in our knowledge of site amplification of ground motions can be calculated.

Tennessee, Kentucky

Sub-chattanooga residuum in Tennessee and Kentucky

Between the Chattanooga shale and the underlying limestone in parts of Tennessee and Kentucky is a clayey gray to brown zone as much as several feet thick. This represents an interval of limestone that has been leached by sulfuric acid formed by oxidation of the abundant pyrite in the black shale. Alteration of the limestone decreases with distance from the base of the black shale; several stages of alteration are recognized and described. The acid also attacks the shale, as indicated by locally conspicuous efflorescences of copiapite, coquimbite, halotrichite, gypsum, and possibly other sulfates. Basaluminite, a hydrous aluminum sulfate previously reported only from England and France, was found in geodal cavities and thin seams in the residuum. The clayey zone has been previously interpreted as an ancient soil formed on the limestone surface during Devonian time. Petrography and chemical composition of the leached zone are described and illustrated by photomicrographs. The nature of the shale-limestone contact where the leached clayey zone is absent is illustrated by a diamond-drill core from Tennessee. Many fresh outcrops and several dozen cores that penetrate the contact show no clayey material at this position. The clayey zone does not represent an old soil. © 1955, The Geological Society of America, Inc.

Tennessee, Kentucky