Geology topics
Source-linked reports with geographic coverage including Gulf Coast.
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated a mean of 113.7 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered natural gas, a mean of 690 million barrels of undiscovered oil, and a mean of 3.7 billion barrels of undiscovered natural gas liquids in onshore lands and State waters of the Gulf Coast.
No abstract available.
Several areas in the Gulf Coast have potential for coalbed gas accumulations. These areas include parts of southern Alabama and Mississippi, north-central Louisiana, northeast, east-central and south Texas and northeastern Mexico. The coal deposits in these areas vary in rank, thickness, lateral extent and gas content, and range in age from Late Cretaceous to Eocene. Gas desorption tests conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on shallow (2,000 ft [609 m]) Paleocene (Wilcox-Midway Groups) coals of southeastern Mississippi indicate that the coalbeds contain some methane. Measured gas contents range from 0 to 19 scf/ton (0.19 to 0.59 cc/g; dry, ash-free) and average about 15 scf/ton (0.5 cc/g). These coals have apparent ranks of lignite to subbituminous (vitrinite reflectance of 0.3 to 0.4% R omax ) at shallow depths and subbituminous to bituminous (0.5 to 0.6% R omax ) in the deeper parts of the basin. Adsorption isotherm data indicate that Wilcox Group coals are undersaturated and have methane gas-storage capacities similar to those of the subbituminous coals in the Powder River basin, Wyoming. In the primary areas where Wilcox Group coalbeds are mined and subsurface data are available, net coal thickness ranges from about 10 to 50 ft (3 to 15 m), which is much less than coal thickness in the Powder River basin, which can be 300 ft (91 m). Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene-Eocene coals of south Texas and northeastern Mexico are subbituminous to bituminous rank (up to 0.6% R omax ). Some methane has been produced commercially from thin coal beds (13 ft [4 m] net) and associated sandstone at shallow depths (
No abstract available.
Large submarine slides and associated shelf-margin embayments represent an intermediate member in the continuum of unstable shelf-margin features. On seismic profiles, they may resemble submarine canyons, but are different in their size, morphology, origin, and hydrocarbon exploration potential. Two large Neogene submarine slides, located in the northwestern Gulf Coast Basin, formed on the upper slope and flanks of prominent shelf-margin deltas. The basal detachment surface of each slide is a structural discontinuity that may be misinterpreted as an erosional unconformity and, therefore, misidentified as a stratigraphic boundary separating depositional sequences. Regional stratigraphic correlations indicate that both slides were initiated after the continental platform wa flooded. The condensed sections deposited during the rise in relative sea level contain the basal detachment surfaces. Beyond these observations, the relationships between the slides and sea level fluctuations are uncertain. The shelf-margin embayments created by the slides apparently were partly excavated during periods of lowered relative sea level and were filled during the subsequent relative sea level rise and highstand. Eventually the preslide morphology of the shelf margin was restored by coalesced prograding deltas. Submarine slides exhibit landward-dipping, wavy, mounded, and chaotic seismic reflections that are manifestations of slump blocks and other mass transport material. Composition of these internally derived slide deposits depends on the composition of the preexisting shelf margin. Embayment fill above the slide consists mostly of externally derived mudstones and sandstones deposited by various disorganized slope processes, as well as more organized submarine channel-levee systems. Thickest slope sandstones, which are potential hydrocarbon reservoirs, commonly occur above the basal slide mudstones where seismic reflections change from chaotic patterns to overlying wavy or subhorizontal reflections.
No abstract available.
Significant ground movement has accompanied the extraction of large quantities of fluids from the subsurface at many localities. The possibility of both horizontal and vertical ground movement--subsidence, fissuring, growth faulting--in the Gulf Coast region, caused by the withdrawal of large volumes of deep formation fluids, is of major concern. Although widespread subsidence has resulted from intensive pumping of ground water, huge withdrawals from shallow oil and gas fields, and mining of sulfur and salt, little information is available on possible subsidence caused by deep fluid extractions. As far as is known, none of the major fields in the Gulf Coast region has subsided appreciably as a result of deep oil and gas production. Of special concern in this study are field evidence of or specific research regarding subsidence directly related to geopressured-fluid withdrawals. If deep reservoirs have the same general stress-strain characteristics as shallower reservoirs, appreciable subsidence could accompany major extraction of deep fluid. A reconnaissance of the type and extent of background data available for such a subsidence appraisal was made as a first step in investigating the possibility of land subsidence associated with the exploitation of geopressured reservoirs in the Gulf Coast. This study was limited to the Texas Gulf Coast south of the landward boundary of Miocene deposits. Visits were made to offices of Federal and State agencies and industries, to determine the type and extent of data available for interpreting subsidence potential in the Texas Gulf Coast. This report summarizes the findings of this reconnaissance investigation, including the names and agencies of those contacted and the nature and extent of pertinent data available. Although a tremendous amount of basic data is available in governmental and private files, the task of collecting and interpreting these data and the limitations or lack of some types of data, in terms of subsidence prediction, create major problems.
Wildlife casualties from aldrin-dieldrin poisoning are associated with the planting of aldrin-treated rice seed along the Texas Gulf Coast. The fulvous tree duck ( Dendrocygna bicolor ), which depends on the rice field habitats and is highly susceptible to aldrin-dieldrin poisoning, is suffering a serious population decline in that area. Dead waterfowl, shorebirds, and passerines were collected on study areas in Wharton, Brazoria, and Chambers counties, Texas, from 1967 through 1971. Residues of aldrin or dieldrin were found in all samples of bird casualties and in all eggs, scavengers, predators, fish, frogs, invertebrates, and soils. Fulvous tree ducks appeared to be less resistant to aldrin than other ducks. Dieldrin residues in brains of dead fulvous tree ducks were low, but whole-body residues were as high as 16 ppm. Brains of other dead ducks and geese averaged 10 ppm dieldrin. Some dead birds were exposed by eating treated rice seed, but many dead birds with high dieldrin residues were species that feed largely on invertebrates. Although soil residues were low, snails and crayfish contained enough aldrin and dieldrin (average 9.5 ppm) to account for deaths in birds that fed heavily on these invertebrates over a period of time. When fulvous tree ducks were penned for 3 days in fields aerially planted with treated seed, 3 of 10 birds died with brain residues of 2.5, 2.9, and 6.8 ppm dieldrin, and others were intoxicated. None of eight died, and some gained weight, when penned in fields planted with untreated seed. This study adds further evidence for the suspected lethal effects of aldrin-treated rice seed on wild birds and other wildlife in rice field habitats.