USGS1969
The Fresno area comprises about 1.400 square miles lying west of the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and east of the trough of the San Joaquin Valley. The rainfall averages less than 10 inches per year causing agricultural development to depend mainly on surface-water deliveries and ground-water pumpage. Surface-water deliveries and ground-water pumpage, however, vary considerably from year to year. For example, in agricultural year 1958 (April 1, 1958-March 31, 1959) surface-water deliveries were about 1,340,000 acre-feet and agricultural ground-water pumpage was about 1,740,000 acre-feet, but in agricultural year 1960 deliveries were only about 560,000 acre-feet and pumpage was about 2,520,000 acre-feet. Alluvial fans are the dominant geomorphic features in the area. Small alluvial fans have been formed near the foothills by the deposits from the numerous intermittent streams that lie both north and south of the Kings River. Thicker and much more extensive alluvial fans have been formed under most of the area by deposits from the San Joaquin and Kings Rivers. Geologic units in the area consist of consolidated rocks and unconsolidated deposits. In turn, consolidated rocks consist of basement complex of pre-Tertiary age and marine and continental sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. Unconsolidated deposits are of both Tertiary and Quaternary age. Most of the geologic units dip gently southwestward approximately paralleling the back slope of the Sierra Nevada. Although some of these geologic units are faulted, especially in the deep subsurface, faulting has not affected the occurrence and movement of fresh ground water. The basement complex crops out along the eastern border of the area and yields only small amounts of water to wells; the marine and continental sedimentary rocks do not crop out in the area and do not yield any water to wells. The unconsolidated deposits are divided into an older series of Tertiary and Quaternary age, and a younger series of Quaternary age. The continental deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age crop out beneath the extreme southeastern part of the area and yield small amounts of water to wells, and the deposits of Quaternary age crop out over most of the area and yield more than 90 percent of the water pumped from wells. The deposits of Quaternary age in turn are divided into older alluvium, lacustrine and marsh deposits, younger alluvium, flood-basin deposits. and sand dunes. The older alluvium is by far the most important aquifer in the Fresno area. It consists of intercalated lenses of clay, silt, silty and sandy clay, clayey and silty sand, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders, and in general it is fine grained near the trough of the valley and beneath the alluvial fans of intermittent streams. In the older alluvium, yields to wells range from less than 20 gpm (gallons per minute) to more than 3,000 gpm. The lacustrine and marsh deposits occur only in the subsurface in the western part of the area. Consisting mostly of silt and clay, they are virtually impermeable and thus restrict the vertical movement of water. These deposits from oldest to youngest are designated the E-clay, the C-clay, and the A-clay. The E-clay is the thickest and most extensive of all the lacustrine and marsh deposits. Because the clays tend to confine ground water in the Fresno area, five water bodies are recognized. These are the unconfined water body, the shallow water body, the confined water body below the A-clay, the confined water body below the C-clay, and the confined water body below the E-clay. The unconfined water body underlies most of the Fresno area. The shallow and confined water bodies underlie parts of the extreme western part of the area. There, heads in successively underlying water bodies are less than those in overlying water bodies, indicating that some ground water moves slowly downward through the clays. From agricultural years 1957 to 1962, outflow in the area exceeded inflow. As a result, for this period, the Fresno area had a net deficit of about 2,890,000 acre-feet. This deficit was made up for mostly by a decline in ground water stored. Water levels in all water bodies have been declining over the years, yet when streamflow and canal deliveries are large they show a general rise. The general movement of ground water in the Fresno area is toward the southwest, although pumping depressions near Fresno and near the western part of the area, cause ground water to move northward, southward, and westward toward them.