Groundwater nutrient contributions to surface water in the upper Maumee River basin
Harmful algal blooms triggered by nutrient loading have negatively affected Lake Erie water quality for decades, but the role groundwater plays in transporting nutrients to tributary streams is unclear. Here, we apply a multi-scale approach to investigate groundwater nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics at the field scale, along a groundwater flow path, and at the Maumee River basin scale. Unsaturated zone monitoring indicates that macropore flow is the primary mechanism for N and P leaching with nitrate and orthophosphate (OP) concentrations from macropore samplers more than double those from soil-matrix samplers. Shallow (< 4.5 m) groundwater nitrate concentrations indicate the timing of saturated-zone nitrate fluxes is crop dependent with more nitrate mobilized during the maize growing season whereas concentrations below soybeans can remain elevated (> 3 mg/L) through winter months. A three-end-member hydrograph analysis for the upper Maumee River basin indicates that tile drains transport most subsurface N and P with greater than 15,000 kg per day of nitrate transported between January and May. Orthophosphate concentrations in tile drainage at an edge-of-field site correlate well with concentrations in a nearby tributary of the Maumee River. While runoff is the dominant source of OP loading, tile drainage and groundwater discharge contributed an estimated 36% of OP load during a 2018–2022 analysis period with most subsurface loading occurring between January and March. These findings highlight how best management practices (such as cover crops and tile drainage control structures) can be used to help limit leaching and tile effluent during the nongrowing season.