Geology topics

Xudong Lin

Publications and source records attributed to Xudong Lin.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

USGS2026

Aging of biosolids in fields prolongs the release of biosolid-borne PFAS and promotes the release of select PFCA in water

Land application of biosolids can introduce PFAS into croplands. Biosolids transported to surface waters through runoff may subsequently release PFAS into aquatic environments. The objective was to evaluate the effects of the aging of biosolids and the presence of sediment on the release of biosolid-borne PFAS to water at the water-sediment interface under anaerobic conditions. Through two independent rounds of microcosm experiments, we demonstrate that by day 136, most of the PFAS compounds (e.g., perfluorocarboxylic acids, or PFCAs) released <10 ng per g biosolids dry weight, except for 5:3 FTCA. Kinetically, the aging process substantially delayed the release of some long-chain PFAS (i.e., PFNA, PFDA, and PFOS) to water, due to the collapse of the porous structure of biosolids during aging. After day 136, the amount of long-chain PFAS released from aged biosolids reached levels similar to those released from the fresh biosolids due to the recovery of the pore structure during the release experiment. Mass balance analysis showed considerably higher, final masses of PFPeA, PFHxA, and PFOA than their initial masses, suggesting that precursors were biotransformed into these compounds during the release experiment, and biosolid aging led to elevated biotransformation and release of these three PFCAs. Sediment had little effect on the kinetics or extent of PFAS release from biosolids, except that the extent of FTCA release was reduced in the presence of sediment potentially due to adsorption. Overall, biosolid aging can delay the release of long-chain PFAS and promote the biotransformation to and release of PFCAs.

Water Research↗

USGS2017

Reassortment of influenza A viruses in wild birds in Alaska before H5 Clade 2.3.4.4 Outbreaks

Sampling of mallards in Alaska during September 2014–April 2015 identified low pathogenic avian influenza A virus (subtypes H5N2 and H1N1) that shared ancestry with highly pathogenic reassortant H5N2 and H5N1 viruses. Molecular dating indicated reassortment soon after interhemispheric movement of H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4, suggesting genetic exchange in Alaska or surrounds before outbreaks.

Emerging Infectious Diseases↗

USGS2014

North Atlantic migratory bird flyways provide routes for intercontinental movement of avian influenza viruses

Avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds has been of increasing interest over the last decade due to the emergence of AIVs that cause significant disease and mortality in both poultry and humans. While research clearly demonstrates that AIVs can move across the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean, there has been no data to support the mechanism of how this occurs. In spring and autumn of 2010 and autumn of 2011 we obtained cloacal swab samples from 1078 waterfowl, gulls, and shorebirds of various species in southwest and west Iceland and tested them for AIV. From these, we isolated and fully sequenced the genomes of 29 AIVs from wild caught gulls (Charadriiformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes) in Iceland. We detected viruses that were entirely (8 of 8 genomic segments) of American lineage, viruses that were entirely of Eurasian lineage, and viruses with mixed American-Eurasian lineage. Prior to this work only 2 AIVs had been reported from wild birds in Iceland and only the sequence from one segment was available in GenBank. This is the first report of finding AIVs of entirely American lineage and Eurasian lineage, as well as reassortant viruses, together in the same geographic location. Our study demonstrates the importance of the North Atlantic as a corridor for the movement of AIVs between Europe and North America.

North Atlantic↗