Geology Reports⌕ Search

Geology topics

William Kam

Publications and source records attributed to William Kam.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS1978

Effect of controlled land application of sludge on ground-water quality, Ocean County, New Jersey

Percolation of contaminants from the controlled land application of domestic anaerobic digested liquid sludge has affected the quality of ground water in the highly permeable unconfined Miocene Cohansey Sand aquifer at Colliers Mills and Webbs Mill areas of the Pine Barrens region in Ocean County, New Jersey. The sludge, containing five percent solids, was applied to three soil types, the Downer, Lakewood, and Woodmansie series, at rates of 10, 20, and 40 tons per acre (22.4, 44.8, and 89.6 metric tons per hectare) per year for the growing seasons 1973-75. Contaminant concentration reached a peak at the water table in a cyclic pattern in response to peak recharge from precipitation during the cool months from November to April. The nature and occurrence of the contaminated ground water, which is moving at estimated rates of 1.1 to 1.6 feet (0.33 to 0.48 m) per day at Colliers Mills and 0.62 to 0.69 feet (0.19 to 0.21 m) per day at Webbs Mill, has been identified by comparing changes in concentration and distribution, above background levels, of specific conductance, nitrate-nitrogen, and chloride. Contamination of ground water has occurred under all plots receiving sludge application and the degree of contamination is generally directly related to the application rates. At the 40 ton per acre per year (89.6 metric ton per hectare per year) application rate the nitrate-nitrogen concentration increased from a background level of 2.4 milligrams per liter to a peak of 93.3 milligrams per liter at the Downer soil site, from 2.0 milligrams per liter to a peak of 98 milligrams per liter at the Lakewood soil site, and from 5.0 milligrams per liter to a peak of 54 milligrams per liter at the Woodmansie soil site. At the minimum application rate of 10 ton per acre per year (22.4 metric ton per hectare per year) the nitrate-nitrogen concentration increased from a background level of 2.4 milligrams per liter to 11.6 milligrams per liter at the Downer soil site, from 2.0 milligrams per liter to 10 milligrams per liter at the Lakewood soil sites and from 5.0 milligrams per liter to 38 milligrams per liter at the Woodmansie soil site. Under continuous sludge application at these soil sites, the contaminant concentration in ground water is expected to increase in relative proportion to loading rates. Contamination will also continue after the cessation of sludge application as long as the residual layer contains excess quantities of soluble sludge constituents.

New Jersey↗
USGS1970

Annotated bibliography on artificial recharge of ground water, 1955-67

Artificial ground-water recharge has become more important as water use by agriculture, industry, and municipalities increases. Water management agencies are increasingly interested in potential use of recharge for pollution abatement, waste-water disposal, and re-use and reclamation of locally available supplies. Research projects and theoretical analyses of operational recharge systems show increased scientific emphasis on the practice. Overall ground-water basin management systems generally now contain considerations of artificial recharge, whether by direct or indirect methods. Artificial ground-water recharge is a means of conserving surface runoff for future use in places where it would otherwise be lost, of protecting ground-water basins from salt-water encroachment along coastal areas, and of storing and distributing imported water. The biblio-graphy emphasizes technology; however, annotations of articles on waste-water reclamation, ground-water management and ground-water basin management are included. Subjects closely related to artificial recharge, including colloidal flow through porous media, field or laboratory instrumentation, and waste disposal by deep well injection are included where they specifically relate to potential recharge problems. Where almost the same material has been published in several journals, all references are included on the assumption that some publications may be more readily available to interested persons than others. Other publications, especially those of foreign literature, provided abstracts that were used freely as time limitations precluded obtaining and annotating all materials. Abstracts taken from published sources are noted. These are: "Abstracts of North American Geology," U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey; "Abstracts of Recent Published Material on Foil and Water Conservation," ARS-41 series, Agricultural F.esearch Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; "Water and1 Water Engineering," published by Fuel and Metallurgical Journals, Ltd., London, England; "Journal of Geophysical Research," American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.; "American Society of Civil Engineers Transactions," New York; "Selected Bibliography of Hydrology, United Kingdom, for the Years 1955-59," International Association of Scientific Hydrology; "Water Wells, an Annotated Bibliography," California University Water Resources Center Archives Report 13; "Re-use of Effluent in the Future With an Annotated Bibliography," by G. A. Whetstone, Texas Water Development Board Report 8, Austin, Tex.; "Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation," Washington, D.C.; and "A List of Selected Technical References on Artificial Recharge of Ground-Water Reservoirs," compiled by Roy W. Graves, Tulsa University, Information Services Department, Tulsa, Okla. Other notations are self-explanatory, and initials are those of the authors (DCS, DJG, WK). An unpublished compilation of recharge references by Arnon Arad sponsored by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization during a training period with the U.S. Geological Survey was also used. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an author has more than one publication, the arrangement is chronological; where an author has more than one publication in a given year, a, b, c, . . . are added. The indexing is by subject and geographic location. Each article was assigned the key words or phrases to best characterize its contents. Units of measure are as they were in the original article; abbreviations retained are generally those in common use such as mg/1 (milligrams per liter), ppm (parts per million), gpm (gallons per minute), km (kilometers), m (meters), cu m per hr (cubic meters p^r hour), cfs (cubic feet per second), me/1 (milliequivalents per liter), psi (pounds per square inch), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), sq m (square meters), gpd (gallons per day), and mgd (million gallons per day). The bibliography was prepared because of the worldwide interest in the field of artificial recharge and the need for a single source of references to the literature published since 1954. The work is a sequel to the "Annotated Bibliography on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water Through 1954," by D. K. Todd, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1477, published in 1959.

Water Supply Paper↗
USGS1968

Use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona

The change in water use as a result of the modification of riparian vegetation was measured in Cottonwood Wash, Mohave County, Ariz. A 4.1-mile length of the stream channel was selected and divided into a 2.6-mile upper reach and a 1.5-mile lower reach. Measurements of streamflow, ground-water levels, vegetation, and meteorological phenomena in the area defined the use of water by riparian vegetation under natural hydrologic conditions. Subsequent defoliation and eradication of the vegetation in the lower reach permitted the determination of the change in water use as a result of the modification. The computed average loss of water from the lower reach before modification was 80 acre-feet per growing season, a quantity which represented about 18 percent of the average flow entering the reach in the same period. The average loss after modification of the vegetation was 42 acre-feet per growing season, a quantity which represented about 12 percent of the average flow entering the reach in the same period.

Arizona↗
USGS1960

Progress report on use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona

Measurements of streamflow, ground-water levels, and meterological data obtained in a 4.1-mile reach of the flood plain of Cottonwood Wash, Mohave County, Ariz., define the use of water by riparian vegetation in that part of the stream valley. The computed evapotranspiration loss during the growing season of 1959 was 175 acre-feet, which represented about 33 percent of the water that entered the reach. The maximum rate of loss during the season was slightly more than 8 acre-feet per week, or about 60 percent of the inflow. The project reach is divided into two parts: An upstream subreach of 2.6 miles and a downstream subreach of 1.5 miles. Seasonal losses in the upstream and downstream subreaches were 75 and 100 acre-feet respectively. Losses in the shorter downstream subreach were larger because of the greater plant population. During the summer of 1960 the vegetation in the lower subreach will be chemically defoliated as a part of the experiment to determine the savings in water losses that can be effected by modifying riparian vegetation. Tests on chemical defoliants indicate that a single spraying eliminates the leaves on cottonwood trees for 7 or 8 days and that no permanent damage results.

Circular↗