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W. L. Reichel

Publications and source records attributed to W. L. Reichel.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2020

Semiquantitative determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in tissue samples by thin layer chromatography

A method is described for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds in tissue samples. Cleanup by hexane-acetonitrile partitioning and Florisil column chromatography are performed on samples before oxidative treatment to convert DDE to DCBP. PCB components are then determined semi-quantitatively by TLC. No prior separation of PCB from chlorinated pesticides is required. The lower limit of sensitivity is 0.2 μ g.

Journal of the Association of Official Analytical ↗
USGS2020

Identification of polychlorinated biphenyls in two bald eagles by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Polychlorinated biphenyls are widely used industrial compounds marketed in the United States under the trade name Aroclor. They have appeared in fish and wildlife tissues in this country and Europe. They are known to be toxic, but more importantly, their presence in samples along with the commonly occurring organochlorine pesticides complicates the analysis to a serious degree, making identification of pesticide residues by GLC without preliminary separation extremely unreliable. Residues of both polychlorinated biphenyls and organochloride pesticides were present in eagle carcasses. Many of the polychlorinated biphenyl components had retention times identical with those of certain organochlorine pesticide residues. Identification was accomplished by preliminary separations on thin layer plates followed by combined GLC- mass spectromtry.

Journal of the Association of Official Analytical ↗
USGS2020

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone in field-collected avian tissues and eggs

A procedure is described for determining Kepone (decachlorooctahydro-l,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd]pentalene-2-one) residues in avian egg, liver, and tissue. Samples were extracted with benzene-isopropanol, and the extract was cleaned up with fuming H 2 SO 4 -concentrated H 2 SO 4 . Kepone was separated from organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on a Florisil column and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography GLC). The average recovery from spiked tissues was 86%. The analyses performed on 14 bald eagle carcasses and livers, 3 bald eagle eggs, and 14 osprey eggs show measurable levels which indicate that Kepone accumulates in the tissues of fish-eating birds. Residues were confirmed by GLC-mass spectrometry.

Journal of the Association of Official Analytical ↗
USGS2020

Gas-liquid chromatographic and gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of fenvalerate and permethrin residues in grasshoppers and duck tissue samples

A procedure is described for determining fenvalerate and permethrin residues in grasshoppers and duck tissues. Samples are Soxhlet-extracted with hexane and cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography with an in-line alumina column. Samples are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection, and confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The average recovery from fortified tissues was 97%.

Journal of the Association of Official Analytical ↗
USGS2009

Organochlorine concentrations in bald eagles: Brain/body lipid relations and hazard evaluation

Residue levels of 12 organochlorine compounds found In the brains of bald eagles can be predicted from the corresponding concentrations in the carcass when expressed on a hexane‐extractable lipid basis. The compounds varied by a factor of about 3 in the degree to which they accumulated In the brain. An understanding of these relations enhances our ability to assess the toxic hazards of environmental contamination.

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health↗
USGS2002

Determination of 2-isovaleryl-1,3-indandione with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Rodenticide Analysis.

At present, three 2-alkyl-1,3-indandiones (PMP, pival, and diphacinon) are widely used as rodenticides. Because analytical procedures now in use are empirical and do not furnish adequate or positive means for distinguishing among these closely related compounds, studies were undertaken to develop a sensitive and specific method for the determination of PMP. The relation between KCN and the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of PMP was investigated and shown to be sensitive and specific. A deeply colored solution is produced with an absorption maximum at 540 mu. This solution obeys Beer?s law over a wide range. The molar absorptivity for the developed color was calculated to be 3.0 X 104. This reaction can be used also as a spot test to detect as little as 1 ug. of PMP.

Analytical Chemistry↗
USGS1984

Pesticide, PCB, and lead residues and necropsy data for bald eagles from 32 states - 1978-81

In 1978–81, 293 bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) from 32 states were necropsied and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and lead residues. DDE was found in all carcasses; PCB, DDD, trans -nonachlor, dieldrin and oxychlordane were next in order of percent frequency of detection. The median levels of DDE and PCB have declined when compared with previous collections. Five specimens contained high levels of dieldrin in their brains which may have contributed to their deaths. Seventeen eagles contained liver lead residues greater than 10 ppm and probably died of lead poisoning. Trauma and shooting are the most common causes of death.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment↗
USGS1983

Relationships of environmental contaminants to reproductive success in red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator) from Lake Michigan

In 1977 and 1978, we studied red-breasted mergansers Mergus serrator nesting on islands in northwestern Lake Michigan to determine whether environmental contaminants were having effects on reproduction. Seventeen contaminants were measured in randomly chosen eggs from 206 nests under study. Using a variety of statistical approaches, we looked for effects of individuals contaminants and combinations of contaminants on reproductive measurements such as nest desertion, failure of eggs to hatch, death of newly hatched ducklings, percentage hatching success, number of ducklings leaving the nest and eggshell thickness. We also looked for relationships between the levels of some contaminants in blood samples of 39 incubating females and reproductive success. A small degree of eggshell thinning was attributed to DDE and a few other statistical tests were significant, but no contaminant or combination of contaminants we measured seemed to have a pronounced effect on the aspects of reproduction we followed.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1981

Organochlorine and metal residues in eggs of waterfowl nesting on islands in Lake Michigan off Door County, Wisconsin, 1977-78

One egg from each of 114 red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) nests in 1977 and 92 nests in 1978 was collected and later analyzed for organochlorines, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated styrenes (PCSs). and metals. One egg was also collected from each of the dabbling duck nests located: Twenty-nine of these eggs were analyzed for organochlorines and metals in 1977; 10 eggs were analyzed in 1978. All merganser eggs contained DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dieldrin; all but one egg collected in 1978 contained DDT. DDE and PCB levels had declined since 1975 to a geometric mean of 7.4 ppm DDE and 20 ppm PCBs in 1977 and 7.6 ppm DDE and 19 ppm PCBs in 1978. Dieldrin residues in eggs had not declined from 1975 Ievels; the geometric mean was 0.78 ppm in 1977 and 0.76 ppm in 1978. Other organochlorines were present at low levels. Mercury residues averaged >0,50 ppm in merganser eggs and had not declined since 1975. Other metals were present at low levels. Dabbling ducks generally had much lower organochlorine and Hg residues than mergansers; DDE and PCBs were the only organochlorines present in the majority of eggs. Geometric means of PCBs and DDE in dabbling duck eggs did not exceed 2.0 ppm and 1.0 ppm, respectively. PBBs and PCSs were detected only in a few merganser eggs, at low levels. Eggshell thickness for red-breasted merganser eggs averaged 0.359 mm in 1977 and 0.355 mm in 1978, which is only 2%-3% below pre-1946 thicknesses. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggshell thicknesses averaged 0.331 mm in 1977 and 0.337 mm in 1978.

Pesticides Monitoring Journal↗
USGS1979

Endrin versus 12-ketoendrin in birds and rodents

British workers showed that in rats the endrin metabolite, 12-ketoendrin, was five times as toxic as endrin, was probably the ultimate cause of death, and was the main form of endrin in the brain at death. In cows and rabbits, however, they detected little of this metabolite. They found none in hens. We found no 12-ketoendrin in birds of four orders that had been heavily exposed to or killed by endrin. We suggest that residue work with birds need not consider this compound unless birds have been eating endrin-killed rodents. White mice had much less 12-ketoendrin than rats, but had more endrin. In tests with spiked samples, 12-ketoendrin was successfully recovered from extracts by gel permeation chromatography, but not by florisil.

Book chapter↗
USGS1979

Endrin in birds: Lethal residues and secondary poisoning

Endrin residues in brains that are diagnostic of death were determined for several species of birds. Residues of 0.8 ppm or more of endrin in brain meant death; 0.6 ppm or less meant survival; between was a zone of overlap. These criteria indicate that some wild birds of the U.S., particularly white pelicans in the Northwest and two bald eagles, have been killed by endrin. Signs of endrin poisoning in experimental birds are described. The important and highly toxic metabolite in rodents, 12-ketoendrin, was sought but not found.

Book chapter↗
USGS1977

Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1973-74

Thirty-nine bald eagles found sick or dead in 13 States during 1969 and 1970 were analyzed for pesticide residues. Residues of DDE, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and mercury were detected in all bald eagle carcasses; DDD residues were detected in 38; DDT, heptachlor epoxide, and dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) were detected less frequently. Six eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin in the brain, and one contained a lethal concentration of DDE (385 ppm) in the brain together with 235 ppm of PCB's. Autopsy revealed that 18 bald eagles were illegally shot; other causes of death were impact injuries, electrocution, emaciation, and infectious diseases.

Pesticides Monitoring Journal↗
USGS1975

Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1971-72

Thirty-seven bald eagles found sick or dead in 18 States during 1971-72 were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). DDE and PCB's were detected in all bald eagle carcasses; 30 carcasses contained DDD and 28 contained dieldrin. Four eagles contained possibly lethal levels of dieldrin and nine eagles had been poisoned by thallium. Autopsies revealed that illegal shooting was the most common cause of mortality. Since 1964 when data were first collected, 8 of the 17 eagles obtained from Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida possibly died from dieldrin poisoning; all four specimens from Maryland and Virginia were from the Chesapeake Bay Tidewater area.

Pesticides Monitoring Journal↗