Effects of carbon dioxide exposure on intensively cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: Physiological responses and fillet attributes
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (261.6 × 24.7 g initial weight, mean × SEM) at 13.1 × 0.2 C were exposed for 94 d to one of three CO 2 treatments: control (22.1 × 2.8 mg/L), medium (34.5 × 3.8 mg/L), or high (48.7 × 4.4 mg/L). Trout were checked daily for survival, and fish were sampled at 0, 28, 56, and 84 d for physiological responses, growth, and fillet quality assessments. Trout were also challenged to a 15‐min crowding stress at 93 d to assess their ability to initiate a stress response during hypercapnia. Chronically exposed trout showed nearly 100% survival through 84 d exposure (1 of 1,500 fish died). Growth and physiological results showed that increasing elevated CO 2 , concentrations result in corresponding decreased growth rates and CO 2 specific physiological parameters: The medium and high CO 2 treatments had significantly slower growth and subsequently smaller fish by 84 d. Exposed trout also showed significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased plasma chloride for medium and high CO 2 treatments compared to the control from 28 through 84 d. Decreased growth and smaller fish in the medium and high CO 2 treatments resulted in correspondingly smaller fresh and smoked fillet weights. Chronic CO 2 exposure did not result in notable changes in ultimate muscle pH. Exposure to 15‐min crowding stress at 93 d resulted in significant changes in hematocrit, plasma cortisol, glucose, and chloride for all treatment groups. CO 2 ‐specific changes were detected in hematocrit, plasma cortisol, and plasma chloride responses following the 15‐min crowding stress.