The design and use of a hydraulic potentiomanometer for direct measurement of differences in hydraulic head between groundwater and surface water
The hydraulic potentiomanometer described herein consists of a potentiometer connected to a manometer by a flexible tube. The device is used to directly measure the direction of seepage as well as the hydraulic-head difference between groundwater and surface water. The device works most effectively in sandy materials. For accurate measurements the device must be free of air leaks. -Authors
Limnology and Oceanography↗