New geochemical tools for investigating resource and energy functions at deep-sea cold seeps using amino-acid δ15N in chemosymbiotic mussels (Bathymodiolus childressi)
In order to reconstruct the ecosystem structure of chemosynthetic environments in the fossil record, geochemical proxies must be developed. Here, we present a suite of novel compound-specific isotope parameters for tracing chemosynthetic production with a focus on understanding nitrogen dynamics in deep-sea cold seep environments. We examined the chemosymbiotic bivalve Bathymodiolus childressi from three geographically distinct seep sites on the NE Atlantic Margin and compared isotope data to non-chemosynthetic littoral mussels to test whether water depth, seep activity, and/or mussel bed size are linked to differences in chemosynthetic production. The bulk isotope analysis of carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N), and δ 15 N values of individual amino acids (δ 15 N AA ) in both gill and muscle tissues, as well as δ 15 N AA- derived parameters including trophic level (TL), baseline δ 15 N value (δ 15 N Phe ), and a microbial resynthesis index (Σ V ), were used to investigate specific geochemical signatures of chemosynthesis. Our results show that δ 15 N AA values provide a number of new proxies for relative reliance on chemosynthesis, including TL, ∑V, and both δ 15 N values and molar percentages (Gly/Glu mol% index) of specific AA. Together, these parameters suggested that relative chemoautotrophy is linked to both degree of venting from seeps and mussel bed size. Finally, we tested a Bayesian mixing model using diagnostic AA δ 15 N values, showing that percent contribution of chemoautotrophic versus heterotrophic production to seep mussel nutrition can be directly estimated from δ 15 N AA values. Our results demonstrate that δ 15 N AA analysis can provide a new set of geochemical tools to better understand mixotrophic ecosystem function and energetics, and suggest extension to the study of ancient chemosynthetic environments in the fossil record.