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L. L. Marking

Publications and source records attributed to L. L. Marking.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
USGS1986

An integrated system for treating nitrogen supersaturated water

Groundwater is commonly supersaturated with nitrogen and must be treated before it is used for culturing fish–especially sensitive species such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We treated water with an integrated system that passed water through a packed column aerator, then through a vacuum degasser, and finally through another packed column aerator (installed as a backup system). Packed‐column aeration prior to vacuum degassing provided increased efficiency because only a small amount of vacuum was required to remove the remaining excess nitrogen, and oxygen levels were not affected by the vacuum degasser. In well water passed through packed columns, nitrogen gas was reduced from 131 to 105% of saturation and oxygen was increased from 23 to 86% of saturation. With a vacuum pressure of 3 in Hg, the degasser further reduced the nitrogen gas from 105 to 99% of saturation, and oxygen saturation remained near 86%. The integrated system provided water in which all gases were near saturation. No effects of gas supersaturation have been observed among the 18 species of cold‐water, coolwater, or warmwater fish that have been cultured in this water.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1985

Effects of contaminants on toxicity of the lampricides TFM and Bayer 73 to three species of fish

Waters in the Great Lakes basin contain more than 400 contaminant chemicals that potentially affect fishery resources, commerce, and human inhabitants. We determined in the laboratory the effects of selected contaminants on the toxicity of the widely used lampricides TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) and Bayer 73 (2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide) to three species of fish—rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ), white sucker ( Catostomus commersoni ), and fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ). The fish were exposed to paired mixtures of lampricides and selected contaminants in standardized, acute static toxicity tests to determine the resulting type of response—less than additive, additive, or greater than additive (synergistic). As expected, the toxicities of combinations of lampricides with organic pesticides, metal, industrial or municipal pollutants, and tannic acid were mostly additive. However, the toxicity of a combination of TFM, Delnav, and malathion was synergistic, and extremely small quantities of each chemical became lethal when mixed. The concentration that produced 50% mortality was 1.64 mg/L for TFM alone but only 0.041 mg/L for TFM with the pesticides. Toxicities of the pesticides in the combination also increased commensurately. The triple combination of chemicals produced extraordinary synergism and effectively demonstrated the hazards that may result if certain chemical combinations occur in the aquatic environment. However, synergism is not the only kind of toxic action that produces hazards to aquatic organisms. All three types of toxic action are of concern because toxic units produced by contaminant chemicals add to the toxic units of applied management chemicals. Since the toxicity of the majority of chemical combinations is simply additive, this cumulative toxic action contributes more total units to aquatic environments than the extreme actions of less than additive and synergism. The toxicity of the lampricide TFM, as well as other management chemicals, is reinforced by the presence of any contaminant that contributes additional units of toxicity. Therefore, all types of cumulative toxic action should be of concern to people and agencies involved with protecting the environment.

Journal of Great Lakes Research↗
USGS1985

Toxicity of the lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) to eggs and nymphs of the mayfly (Hexagenia sp.)

Eggs and nymphs of mayflies (Hexagenia sp.) were exposed to the lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4- nitrophenol (TFM) and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalcylanilide (Bayer 73) and to a mixture of 98% TFM and 2% Bayer 73 (TFM-2B) to determine the sensitivity of various life stages to these compounds. Some eggs and newly hatched nymphs survived concentrations of TFM up to 10 mg/L; and nymphs of the other groups tested (7, 16, 23, and 27 mm long) died at concentrations of 5 mg/L or more. Eggs and nymphs were unaffected by Bayer 73 concentrations up to 0.4 mg/L, the highest concentrations tested.

Technical Report↗
USGS1981

Toxicity of six bird control chemicals to aquatic organisms

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has supported research on control methods for nuisance birds, mammals, plants, and fish. Although chemical agents have shown great promise, resource managers and regulatory agencies must be assured that these materials are safe to man and the environment. Standardized toxicity tests are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of candidate compounds on target organisms and their safety to nontarget organisms (LENNON 1967).

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxico↗
USGS1981

Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor (R) 1254) residues in rainbow trout: Effects on sensitivity to nine fishery chemicals

The influence of background polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) on the susceptibility of the fish to nine chemicals routinely or occasionally used in fishery operations was evaluated. Rainbow trout fry were divided into three groups: one was exposed to 0.01 ppb and another to 0.1 ppb of the PCB Aroclor (R) 1254; the third (control) group was unexposed. After 30 days of exposure, whole body residues were 0.28 and 2.31 ppm for fish exposed to 0.01 and 0.1 ppb, respectively; control fish had residue concentrations of 0.04 ppm. Acute toxicity tests showed that both groups of exposed fish were more sensitive to rotenone and 2,4-D. Exposure did not significantly affect sensitivity to 2-[digeranylamino]-ethanol (GD-174), 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), nifurpirinol (Furanace), tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), or copper sulfate. Fishery managers should be aware that sensitivity of fish to control chemicals may be altered by the presence of contaminants in the water or residues of contaminants in the fish.

North American Journal of Fisheries Management↗
USGS1980

A quantitative analysis of naiad mollusks from the Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin dredge material site on the Mississippi River

The Prairie du Chien dredge material site contains about 100,000 cubic meters of material dredged from the East Channel of the Mississippi Riverin1976. Previous studies in that area suggested a rich molluscan fauna, but most studies were only qualitative or simply observations. Our study of this material was designed to determine the density and diversity of molluscan fauna, to assess changes in the fauna, to identify endemic species previously unreported, and to evaluate the status of the endangered Lampsilis higginsi. Ten cubic meters of dredge material were sieved to recover shells. Molluscan fauna at the site contained38 species of naiades and up to 1,737 identifiable valves per cubic meter. The endangered L. higginsi ranked18th In occurrence, accounted for only 0.52% of the identifiable shells, and averaged about three valves per cubic meter. From a total of 813 kg of naiades and gastropods, 6,339 naiad valves were identified. Five naiad species were collected at the site for the first time, and Eploblasma triquetra had not been reported previously in the Prairie du Chien area. Although the molluscan fauna has changed, the East Channel at Prairie du Chien is obviously suitable for L. higginsi.

Bulletin of American Malacological Union↗
USGS1979

Toxicity of fishery chemicals to the asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis

The Asiatic clam (Corbicula manilensis), a species introduced into U. S. waters, has spread rapidly, and its ability to survive, reproduce, and spread has caused concern. Aquatic biologists suspect that the clams may crowd out indigenous mollusks, and the animals sometimes plug water intakes and leave shell deposits that interfere with sand and gravel operations. The toxicity of 20 commonly used fishery chemicals to the Asiatic clam was determined to evaluate hazards to a nontarget aquatic invertebrate and to assess the potential of the chemicals for controlling clam populations. Among six piscicides and two lampricides tested, antimycin was most toxic to the clam; the 96-h LC 50 was 0.065 mg/L. Among three therapeutants and two disinfectants tested, nifurpirinol was the most toxic; the 96-h LC 50 was 7.60 mg/L. All of the compounds were less toxic to the clam than to fish. As a nontarget organism, this clam would be safe in water treated with any of the tested fishery chemicals at recommended use pattern concentrations. None of the chemicals have potential for controlling unwanted populations of these clams.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1975

Effects of pH on toxicity of antimycin to fish

Detoxification of antimycin at pH 9.5 was caused by two factors. The piscicide was biologically unavailable at the high pH, and this unavailability was reversed by decreasing the pH of water solutions. Simultaneously antimycin detoxified with time, and the resulting loss in toxicity was irreversible. The toxicity of antimycin was related to the amount of un-ionized molecules; however, the dissociation curve resulting from the published pKa of 5.1 does not agree with the implied dissociation when based on toxicity. Toxicity of antimycin decreased gradually from pH 6.5 to 8.5 and abruptly from 8.5 to 9.5 with carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ), and bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ). As previously suggested, water hardness had little or no effect on toxicity.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗