Anuran occupancy of created wetlands within reforested legacy surface mines in Kentucky and West Virginia
Restoration of habitat is an important component of wildlife management. Surface coal mining has altered forest cover in the Central Appalachians, and most reclamation activities on previously mined lands result in non-native grasslands or shrub lands. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA), which emphasizes non-native vegetation removal, soil decompaction, planting of native trees and shrubs, and, in some cases, wetland creation represents an alternative to grassland-based reclamation that may promote forest-associated wildlife on legacy surface mines. We used automated recording units to evaluate the response of anurans to created wetlands and the FRA in Kentucky and West Virginia, USA. We used a Bayesian community occupancy model to compare species occupancy and richness across a range of wetland sizes (6.6–252 m 2 ) and 3 site types: 1) younger FRA (1–6 yr), 2) older FRA (7–23 yr), and 3) unmined, mature forests (>100 yr). In addition, we evaluated factors influencing anuran detection probabilities. Mean occupancy and species richness in both states were highest in the younger FRA, suggesting anurans may rapidly colonize wetlands created on restored mines. In Kentucky, occupancy of several species (green frog [ Lithobates clamitans ], pickerel frog [ L. palustris ], and wood frog [ L. sylvaticus ]) was higher in larger created wetlands, but wetland size was not important in West Virginia. Daily minimum temperature positively influenced detection of anurans in both states, and time of day was also important for detection in West Virginia. Wetland creation and implementation of the FRA may be an important tool for wildlife managers aiming to improve anuran populations and diversity on legacy surface mines in the Central Appalachians.