Insights from growing Globorotalia truncatulinoides and Globorotalia menardii in the laboratory
The vast majority of planktic foraminiferal culture studies have been carried out on spinose species of foraminifera, with relatively few studies on non-spinose species. We conducted a pilot study to test whether live specimens of the non-spinose planktic foraminifera, Globorotalia truncatulinoides and Globorotalia menardii , could be successfully harvested from offshore plankton tow samples in the Gulf of America (Gulf of Mexico) and kept alive in a laboratory at the US Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center. We collected several G. truncatulinoides specimens (n = 39) from the surface mixed-layer (0–80 meters) via vertical plankton tow in February 2020 during a sediment trap mooring recovery cruise. We collected G. menardii (n = 27) from the upper 200 meters of the water column on follow-up cruises in December 2021 and November 2022. The G. truncatulinoides specimens stayed alive in the laboratory for 8–76 days, and G. menardii for 7–29 days. All non-spinose foraminifera in this study showed a strong preference for eating marine snow aggregates from the plankton tow over Artemia nauplii. Using a combination of morphometric observations and geochemical analysis of the foraminiferal tests, we demonstrate that some specimens of both species grew new chambers while in culture, whereas other individuals added a calcite crust to the final whorl. The G. menardii were cultured in 87 Sr-labeled seawater, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to verify the presence of laboratory-grown calcite. Our results shed light on the feeding behavior and growth patterns in these two upper-ocean species of non-spinose foraminifera. This study demonstrates the feasibility of conducting laboratory culture experiments with G. truncatulinoides and G. menardii collected via plankton tow in the open ocean.