USGS2024
Snow and watershed models typically do not account for forest structure and shading; therefore, they display substantial uncertainty when attempting to account for forest change or when comparing hydrological response between forests with varying characteristics. This study collected snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements in a snow-dominated forest in Colorado, the United States, with variable canopy structure. The SWE measurements were integrated with 1 m Lidar derived canopy structure metrics and incoming solar radiation to create empirical SWE offset equations for four canopy structure groupings (forest gaps, south-facing forest edges, north-facing forest edges, and the interior forest) that varied in size compared to an open area. These simple equations indirectly integrate terrain shading and canopy shading and were able to estimate 40 to 70% of SWE variation in a heterogenous forested environment. The equations were then applied to a snow melt model with a 100 m grid size by applying the area-weighted average of SWE offsets from the four canopy structure groupings in each model cell. This tiled model configuration allowed for the model to better represent the subgrid heterogeneity of a forest environment that can be seen through an ensemble or range of potential outputs rather than a singular estimate.