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J.R. Tomasso

Publications and source records attributed to J.R. Tomasso.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2007

Nitrite toxicity of Litopenaeus vannamei in water containing low concentrations of sea salt or mixed salts

The uptake, depuration and toxicity of environmental nitrite was characterized in Litopenaeus vannamei exposed in water containing low concentrations of artificial sea salt or mixed salts. In 2 g/L artificial sea salts, nitrite was concentrated in the hemolymph in a dose-dependent and rapid manner (steady-state in about 2 d). When exposed to nitrite in 2 g/L artificial sea salts for 4 d and then moved to a similar environment without added nitrite, complete depuration occurred within a day. Increasing salinity up to 10 g/L decreased uptake of environmental nitrite. Nitrite uptake in environments containing 2 g/L mixed salts (combination of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium chlorides) was similar to or lower than rates in 2 g/L artificial sea salt. Toxicity was inversely related to total dissolved salt and chloride concentrations and was highest in 2 g/L artificial sea salt (96-h medial lethal concentration = 8.4 mg/L nitrite-N). Animals that molted during the experiments did not appear to be more susceptible to nitrite than animals that did not molt. The shallow slope of the curve describing the relationship between toxicity and salinity suggests that management of nitrite toxicity in low-salinity shrimp ponds by addition of more salts may not be practical.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society↗
USGS2005

Hooking mortality and physiological responses of striped bass angled in freshwater and held in live-release tubes

Mortality and physiological responses of adult striped bass Morone saxatilis angled from Lake Murray, South Carolina, and held in live-release tubes were evaluated during the spring and summer of 2003. To estimate mortality, we attached external ultrasonic transmitters to 59 striped bass (mean total length [TL] = 585 mm). Striped bass were caught with angling gear, tagged, and immediately released or held in live-release tubes for 2, 4, or 6 h prior to release. No mortality of striped bass was observed during spring. Overall mortality during summer was 83%. Mortality of summer-caught striped bass was not related to tube residence time, fish TL, depth of capture, or surface water temperature. To characterize physiological stress, we measured the plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and osmolality levels of 62 additional striped bass (mean TL = 563 mm) that were angled and immediately released or angled and held in live-release tubes. Plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and osmolality were positively related to tube residence time. When the hematological characteristics were considered only in relation to tube residence time, responses indicative of physiological stress continued for about 150 min, after which blood chemistry began to return to normal. Live-release tubes appear to be useful for keeping striped bass alive when they are angled from cool water, but they are not effective for striped bass angled from warm water. The high summer mortality of striped bass suggests a need for restrictive fishing regulations during the summer for the Lake Murray striped bass fishery. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2005.

North American Journal of Fisheries Management↗
USGS2004

Influence of multiple water-quality characteristics on copper toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Water quality influences the bioavailability and toxicity of copper to aquatic organisms. Understanding the relationships between water-quality parameters and copper toxicity may facilitate the development of site-specific criteria for water quality and result in better protection of aquatic biota. Many studies have examined the influence of a single water-quality parameter on copper toxicity, but the interactions of several characteristics have not been well studied in low-hardness water. The goal of the present research was to examine the interactions among water-quality characteristics and their effects on copper toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, DOC source, pH, and hardness on acute copper toxicity were determined using a complete factorially designed experiment. Hardness, pH, DOC, and interaction of pH and DOC all significantly affected copper toxicity. A predictive model based on these data described 88% of the variability in copper toxicity. This model also explained 58% of the variability in copper toxicity for an independent dataset of South Carolina (USA) waters. The biotic ligand model underpredicted the acute copper toxicity to fathead minnows when compared with observed values.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry↗
USGS1999

Characterization and inhibition of nitrite uptake in shortnose sturgeon fingerlings

Efforts are underway to culture the endangered shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum for possible reintroduction. As part of a larger project to develop culture techniques for this species, the uptake of nitrite was evaluated in fingerlings (16.5 ± 4.85 g; mean ± SD). Plasma nitrite concentrations increased significantly with exposure time (0–5 d) and dose (0–4 mg nitrite-N/L). Shortnose sturgeon fingerlings were able to concentrate nitrite in their plasma to more than 63 times the environmental concentration. Chloride, as either sodium chloride or calcium chloride, partially inhibited nitrite uptake. However, calcium chloride was a better inhibitor. After previous exposure (2 d at 2.13 ± 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L) plasma nitrite-N decreased from 165.5 to 36.7 mg/L during a 3-d simultaneous exposure to 2.13 ± 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L and treatment with 40 mg chloride/L as calcium chloride. The addition of calcium chloride to the water appeared to be an effective means of preventing nitrite uptake and treating nitrite toxicity in hatchery-reared shortnose sturgeon fingerlings.

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health↗
USGS1999

Short-term physiological responses of wild and hatchery-produced red drum during angling

Serum cortisol concentrations, plasma glucose concentrations, plasma lactate concentrations, and plasma osmolalities increased in red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (26.0-65.5 cm total length) during angling in estuarine waters (17-33 g/L salinity, 21-31??C). Angling time varied from as fast as possible (10 s) to the point when fish ceased resisting (up to 350 s). The increases in the physiological characteristics were similar in wild and hatchery-produced fish. This study indicates that hatchery-produced red drum may be used in catch-and-release studies to simulate the responses of wild fish.

South Carolina↗
USGS1998

Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to shortnose sturgeon fingerlings

The 96‐h median‐lethal concentration (96h LC50) of total ammonia nitrogen (ammonia‐N) to fingerling shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum was 149.8 ± 55.20 mg/L (mean ± SD, 17.9 ± 0.62°C, pH = 6.8–7.3). Calculated 96‐h LC50 for un‐ionized ammonia‐N was 0.58 ± 0.213 mg/L. The 96‐h LC50 of nitrite nitrogen to shortnose sturgeon fingerlings was 11.3 ± 8.17 mg/L (17.9 ± 0.31°C, <1.0 mg chloride/L, <1.0 mg magnesium/L, 1.8 mg calcium/L, 7.7 mg sodium/L).

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1997

Slow growth did not decouple the otolith size-fish size relationship in striped bass

Eight‐day‐old striped bass Morone saxatilis (6.17–6.22 mm, total length) were fed twice daily at three feeding rates to produce three growth rates. Fish were sampled once per week for 4 weeks to determine total length and otolith radius. Feed ration treatments resulted in discrete size‐classes of striped bass after 4 weeks with a 27% difference in mean length between the low and high feed ration treatments. No significant differences in slope or intercept for the regression of fish length on otolith radius were observed among treatments, suggesting that slow growth alone may not be sufficient to result in decoupling of the otolith size–fish size relationship in striped bass.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1993

Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on red blood cell peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, and macrophage superoxide anion production in channel catfish

Fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were fed purified diets either unsupplemented and deficient in both selenium and vitamin E, deficient in either selenium or vitamin E, adequate in both selenium (0.2 mg/kg) and vitamin E (60 mg/kg), or excessive in both nutrients (four times the recommended levels). After 115–120 d of feeding the experimental diets, the red blood cell membranes offish fed diets deficient in vitamin E were more susceptible to peroxidation than were those of fish fed diets that met or exceeded vitamin E recommendations. Hepatic, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity was suppressed in fish fed diets deficient in selenium when compared with this enzyme activity in fish fed diets containing recommended or higher levels of selenium. Intracellular superoxide anion production of macrophages was higher in fish fed the diet fortified with four times the recommended levels of both nutrients than in fish fed the other diets. None of the results indicated that selenium and vitamin E were complementing each other or that one nutrient was compensating for a deficiency of the other. The results of this study support the presently recommended levels of selenium and vitamin E for channel catfish diets and indicate that higher-than-recommended levels of one or both nutrients may enhance macrophage function.

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health↗
USGS1993

Effect of vitamin E on the immune response of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Three-month-old fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were fed purified diets supplemented with ∝-tocopherol acetate to provide 0, 60, and 2,500 mg vitamin E/kg for 180 d. A 30-s immersion bath and an oral booster were used to deliver a bacterin of formalin-killed Edwardsiella ictaluri to half of the fish from each dietary treatment. Resistance of red blood cells to peroxidation was used as an index of antioxidant status. The susceptibility of red blood cells to oxidative hemolysis decreased with increasing levels of dietary vitamin E. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated fish were evaluated for agglutinating antibody titers and macrophage activity. Humoral antibody titers in response to E. ictaluri were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vaccinated fish than in nonvaccinated fish; however, no such differences in agglutinating antibody titers were detected among any of the dietary treatment groups. Both vaccination and vitamin E significantly enhanced the ability of macrophages to phagocytize virulent E. ictaluri . Results of this study indicate that elevated levels of dietary vitamin E may affect the ability of channel catfish to respond immunologically to bacterial pathogens.

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health↗
USGS1980

Effects of environmental pH and calcium on ammonia toxicity in channel catfish

The twenty-four-hour median lethal concentrations (24-hour LC50) of total ammonia nitrogen (TA-N) to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at pH 7, 8, and 9 (total hardness, 40 mg/liter; temperature, 21&ndash;25 C) were 263.6 &plusmn; 11.3 (SE), 38.8 &plusmn; 1.8, and 4.5 &plusmn; 0.2 mg/liter, respectively. The 24-hour LC50 of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (UIA-N) concentration at pH 8 was significantly higher (1.82 &plusmn; 0.06 mg/liter) than at pH 7 or 9 (1.39 &plusmn; 0.06 and 1.49 &plusmn; 0.12 mg/liter). Enrichment of the water to 440 mg/liter total hardness at pH 7 significantly increased the 24-hour LC50 of TA-N and UIA-N (356.3 &plusmn; 16.4 and 1.79 &plusmn; 0.07). Fish exposed to 25 mg/liter TA-N for 12 hours at pH 7 and 8 showed no differences from control fish in hematocrit, percent total plasma protein, or plasma and muscle chloride. Plasma sodium showed no difference between control and experimental groups at pH 7; however, a significant decrease occurred in fish exposed to 25 mg/liter TA-N at pH 8. No differences in blood pH were found between the control groups and fish exposed to 100 and 200 mg/liter TA-N at pH 7, and to 10 and 25 mg/liter TA-N at pH 8. Plasma sodium depletion is suggested as a contributing mechanism of ammonia toxicity.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1979

Chloride inhibition of nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Exposure of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings for 24?h to 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0?mg/L nitrite (pH?=?7; hardness?=?40?mg/L; temperature?=?22&ndash;25 &deg;C) produced methemoglobin levels of 20.7?&plusmn;?1.9%, 59.8?&plusmn;?1.9%, and 77.4?&plusmn;?1.4% (SE), respectively. However, methemoglobin levels were not elevated when fish were simultaneously exposed to 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0?mg/L nitrite and 25, 50, and 100?mg/L sodium chloride, respectively. Acclimation to sodium chloride for 24?h before exposure to nitrite did not enhance the inhibitory action of sodium chloride. Fish exposed to 5?mg/L nitrite for 5?h developed 42.5?&plusmn;?3.8% methemoglobin. When transferred to water containing 5?mg/L nitrite and 250?mg/L sodium chloride, methemoglobin levels returned to normal within 24?h. Environmental chloride probably inhibits methemoglobin formation by competing with nitrite for entrance into the gills of the fish. An ionic ratio of 16 Cl - to 1 NO 2 - is capable of complete suppression of nitrite-induced methemoglobin formation. Bicarbonate ion present in the test water (1?meq/L) may also have contributed to the inhibitive action of chloride.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada↗