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J. L. Fryer

Publications and source records attributed to J. L. Fryer.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2006

An isolate of Piscirickettsia salmonis from white seabass is fully virulent for coho salmon

The virulence of the WSB-98 isolate of Piscirickettsia salmonis from white seabass Atractoscion nobilis was compared with that of the American Type Culture Collection type strain LF-89, which was originally isolated from coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Chile. In controlled laboratory challenges of juvenile coho salmon, the isolate from white seabass exhibited virulence that was equal to or greater than that of LF-89. The cumulative percent mortality (CPM) was similar between groups of coho salmon receiving an intraperitoneal injection of WSB-98 at 104.5 tissue culture infectious dose with 50% endpoint (TCID50)/fish (CPM = 98%) or an injection of LF-89 at 104.8 TCID50/fish (CPM = 95%). The mean day to death of 9.3 d for WSB-98 and 18.6 d for LF-89, however, differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between the two isolates. The virulence of an isolate of P. salmonis from white seabass for a salmonid species is consistent with the hypothesis that nonsalmonids can serve as natural marine hosts for the bacterium and potential sources for infection of salmonids. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2006.

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health↗
USGS2006

Characterization of the host response to the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), by histology, scanning electron microscopy, and immunological techniques

The tissue response of Salmo gairdneri Richardson, against the myxosporean parasite. Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), was investigated using histological techniques, scanning electron microscopy and immunological methods. The progress of infection in C. shasta ‐susceptible and resistant steelhead and rainbow trout was examined by standard histological techniques and by indirect fluorescent antibody methods using monoclonal antibodies directed against C. shasta antigens. Trophozoite stages were first observed in the posterior intestine and there was indication that resistance was due to the inability of the parasite to penetrate this tissue rather than to an inflammatory response. Examination of a severely infected intestine by scanning electron microscopy showed extensive destruction of the mucosal folds of the posterior intestine. Western blotting and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the immunological component of the host response. No antibodies specific for C. shasta were detected by either method.

Journal of Fish Diseases↗
USGS1989

Development, characterization, and use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the myxosporean, Ceratomyxa shasta

Both monoclonal and polyclonal antisera were produced against Ceratomyxa shasta. Ascites containing trophozoites of the parasite was collected from infected fish and used as antigen for immunization of mice. The resulting monoclonal antibodies reacted specifically with trophozoite and sporoblast stages but did not react with C. shasta spores by either indirect fluorescent antibody techniques or in Western blots. This indicates that some C. shasta antigens are specific to certain life stages of the parasite. Polyclonal antiserum was produced in a rabbit by injecting a spore protein electro-eluted from an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. This antiserum reacted with both trophozoites and spores by indirect fluorescent antibody techniques and in Western blots. All antisera were tested for cross-reactivity to trout white blood cells, a contaminant of the ascites, and to other myxosporea. Two monoclonal antibodies reacted with white blood cells and myxosporea of the genera Sphaerospora and Myxobilatus. One hybridoma produced antibodies of high specificity for C. shasta pre-spore stages. This is the first report of a monoclonal antibody produced against a myxosporean parasite.

Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology↗
USGS1989

Isolation of a reovirus from coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) in Oregon, USA

Reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals share certain common characteristics: (1) a typical reovirus-like morphology which shows an icosahedral particle with a double capsid that is approximately 75 nm in diameter; (2) a genome with eleven segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) distributed as three large, three medium and five small segments with a total molecular weight of approximately 15 x 106; (3) a virion composed of five major and several minor structural proteins that range in molecular weight from 32,000 to 137,000; and (4) form plaque-like syncytia in monolayer cultures of fish cells. Intact virus particles have buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.34 to 1.36 g/ml. The viruses have been isolated from fish and shellfish collected in both the marine and freshwater environments and will replicate in several fish cell lines (Plumb et al., 1979; Meyers and Hirai, 1980; Winton et al., 1981; Nagabayashi and Mori, 1983; Hedrick et al., 1984; Chen and Jiang, 1984). The original four aquatic reovirus isolates have been compared by Winton et al., 1987.

Book chapter↗
USGS1988

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognize antigenic variants among isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus

eutralizing monoclonal antibodies were developed against strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri in the Deschutes River of Oregon, chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Sacramento River of California, and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri reared in the Hagerman Valley of Idaho, USA. These antibodies were tested for neutralization of 12 IHNV isolates obtained from salmonids in Japan, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho. The antibodies recognized antigenic variants among the isolates and could be used to separate the viruses into 4 groups. The members of each group tended to be related by geographic area rather than by source host species, virulence, or date of isolation.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms↗
USGS1986

Susceptibility of progeny from crosses among three stocks of coho salmon to infection by Ceratomyxa shasta

Crossbred coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were produced from all possible crosses among three stocks. The relative susceptibility of the progeny to infection by the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta was determined by exposure of juvenile fish to Willamette River water that contained the infective stage of the parasite. Susceptibility of coho salmon native to the Columbia River basin to the disease ceratomyxosis was relatively low whereas that of coho salmon from remote locations was relatively high. Susceptibility of crossbred progeny nearly always was intermediate between the susceptibilities of fish from the parental stocks.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society↗
USGS1978

Spray vaccination: A method for the immunization of fish

An economical, efficacious vaccine delivery system for immunizing fish has been developed which employs a liquid spray apparatus operated at pressures up to 7.0 kg/cm 2 (0 to 100 lb/in 2 ). A bacterin consisting of formalin-killed Vibrio anguillarum culture was both antigenic and immunogenic when sprayed on coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch)and rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri). The technique, referred to as spray(shower)vaccination, was found to confer higher levels of immunity against virulent V. anguillarum than oral vaccination.

Fish Pathology↗
USGS1969

Studies of certain sulfonamide drugs for use in juvenile chinook salmon

Sulfamethazine, introduced to fishery medicine by Snieszko and Friddle in 1950, has been widely accepted for treatment of systemic bacterial infections of fish. When administered to fish in their diet, this drug is effective against susceptible bacteria but has the disadvantages of being slowly absorbed (Snieszko and Friddle, 1951) and relatively toxic (Wood, Yasutake, and Johnson, 1957). Today there are many sulfonamides which are more efficacious than sulfamethazine. In domestic animals, sulfisoxazole and sulfadimethoine are absorbed quickly from the gastrointestinal tract and have fewer toxic side reactions, a wider antibacterial spectrum, and better bacteriostatic activity. In the work described in this paper, the efficacies of sulfisoxazole and sulfadimethoxine were compared to the efficacy of sulfamethazine. Experiments were designed to determine the rate of intestinal absorption, the rate of elimination from the blood, the effect on growth, and the toxicity of each drug in juvenile chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ). The comparative bacteriostatic activity against two common fish pathogens was also determined for each drug.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1968

The administration of sulfonamide drugs to adult salmon

The artificial propagation of salmon starts with the capture of adults as they ascend rivers to spawn. After capture, they are retained in specially constructed holding areas until sexually mature. Though holding periods vary with species, the spring chinook ( Oncorhynchus tshawytsca ) may be held as long as 4 months before they are spawned. During this interval the fish are often closely confined at unfavorable water temperatures and fatal diseases sometimes reach epizootic proportions. It is important that methods be devised to control or prevent infectious diseases in adult salmon while they are in the holding ponds. Mass treatment is the most convenient way to combat fish diseases. For example, drugs can be administered per os in diets, or chemicals can be added to the water. These methods are mostly ineffective in treating systemic infections of adult salmon because mature salmon do not feed, and many fish diseases cannot be controlled by chemical baths. Thus, effective treatment would require administering drugs to each individual.

Progressive Fish-Culturist↗
USGS1967

A comparison of Oregon pellet and fish-meat diets for administration of sulfamethazine to Chinook salmon

The absorption of sulfamethazine by yearling spring chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) was compared when administered in the Oregon Pellet and a fish-meat diet. The pelleted diet delivered the drug to the fish approximately twice as efficiently as the fish-meat diet. Dosage levels are recommended for both diets, and the efficacy of administering drugs in fish feed is discussed.

Oregon↗