Abandonment of the Upper Devonian Greenland Gap Group and Scherr Formation and revision of the Upper Devonian Brallier and Foreknobs Formations in the central Valley and Ridge Province
This study revises the lithostratigraphic framework of the Upper Devonian interval traditionally assigned to the Greenland Gap Group across the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province. The work aims to modernize and standardize lithostratigraphic nomenclature, establish a new reference section and demonstrate how the revised stratigraphy improves edge-matching of 1:24,000 scale geologic maps and supports compilation mapping at scales of 1:100,000 and larger. The revision eliminates the names Greenland Gap Group, Scherr Formation and the Minnehaha Springs Member of the Scherr Formation; reassigns all strata previously designated as Scherr Formation by Dennison (1970) to the upper Brallier Formation; and abandons the basal Mallow Member of the Foreknobs Formation, placing its strata within the upper Brallier as originally defined by Butts (1918). The contact between the Brallier and Foreknobs formations is placed at the base of the first mappable, ridge-forming package of fine- to coarse-grained, cross-bedded, sandstone beds, often containing rounded quartz pebbles with minor interbeds of shale and siltstone. This contact may be gradational in places but, even in absence of good exposure, can usually be distinguished topographically in recently produced lidar-derived imagery as having elevated relief due to the presence of more resistant, compositionally mature coarse-grained sandstone-rich strata. Applying this criterion for mapping the contact between the Brallier and Foreknobs formations has resulted in reconciliation of mismatches of geologic contacts along several 7.5-minute quadrangle boundaries in the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. A new reference section at Baker, West Virginia showcases the contacts between the Harrell Shale, Brallier Formation, Foreknobs Formation and Hampshire Formation. A digital outcrop model of the reference section is provided for future preservation.