River terrace evidence of tectonic processes in the eastern North American plate interior, South Anna River, Virginia
We show that long-recognized seismicity in the central Virginia seismic zone of the eastern North American intraplate setting arises primarily from tectonic processes predicted by new, fully coupled plate tectonic geodynamic models. The study leverages much new geophysical and geologic data following the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake that ruptured a steeply dipping, northwest-verging reverse fault traversed by the South Anna River. The data are primarily assembled from a flight of six fluvial terrace geomorphic markers identified and correlated on texture, relative weathering, and numeric ages including one terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) profile and 30 luminescence dates. Terrace thickness, stratigraphic age models, and incision rates downstream and upstream of the 2011 rupture are different. Long-term river incision rates of ∼25–30 m/My are superimposed on regional TCN-determined erosion rates of ∼8.5 m/My; however, there are at least 10 m of tectonically driven incision in the epicentral region at rates of ∼30–94 m/My. The inferred deformation resembles a hanging wall anticline above a blind reverse fault with a diffuse overlying carapace of minor brittle faults, an interpretation supported by seismology as well as bedrock and saprolite mapped across the epicentral region. These results are further supported by channel metrics that show nonuniform channel steepness ( k sn ) and a predicted steady-state channel elevation different from the actual channel elevation across the epicentral region. If all of the observed deformation is a consequence of the fault that ruptured in 2011, the recurrence interval of Mineral-sized events would be ∼5.5 ky.