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C.W. Kruse

Publications and source records attributed to C.W. Kruse.

4 recordsLinked to original sources
USGS2002

Aromatic fluorine compounds. VII. Replacement of aromatic -Cl and -NO2 groups by -F

Replacement of -Cl by -F in aryl chlorides with potassium fluoride has been extended from 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene to less activated halides by the use of non-aqueous solvents, especially dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Also replacement of -NO2 by -F in substituted nitrobenzenes was studied in DMF. As a direct result of this study, many aromatic fluorine compounds can now be obtained by a relatively simple synthetic route.

Journal of the American Chemical Society↗
USGS1997

Production of activated char from Illinois coal for flue gas cleanup

Activated chars were produced from Illinois coal and tested in several flue gas cleanup applications. High-activity chars that showed excellent potential for both SO 2 and NO x removal were prepared from an Illinois No. 2 bituminous coal. The SO 2 (120 °C) and NO x (25 °C) removal performance of one char compared favorably with that of a commercial activated carbon (Calgon Centaur). The NO x removal performance of the same char at 120 °C exceeded that of the Centaur carbon by more than 1 order of magnitude. Novel char preparation methods were developed including oxidation/thermal desorption and hydrogen treatments, which increased and preserved, respectively, the active sites for SO 2 and NO x adsorption. The results of combined SO 2 /NO x removal tests, however, suggest that SO 2 and NO x compete for similar adsorption sites and SO 2 seems to be more strongly adsorbed than NO. A low-activity, low-cost char was also developed for cleanup of incinerator flue gas. A three-step method involving coal preoxidation, pyrolysis, and CO 2 activation was used to produce the char from Illinois coal. Five hundred pounds of the char was tested on a slipstream of flue gas from a commercial incinerator in Germany. The char was effective in removing >97% of the dioxins and furans present in the flue gas; mercury levels were below detectable limits.

Energy and Fuels↗
USGS1996

The potential for increasing the use of catalytic carbons in commercial applications

A carbon catalyst, prepared either by oxidizing activated carbon with air at 500-700??C or by oxidizing activated carbon with boiling nitric acid followed by heating it to 500-700??C, is the subject of this paper. This catalyst, designated OAC500-700, catalyzes the removal of hydrogen chloride from alkyl halides. Because OAC500-700 retains adsorptive properties of an activated carbon it can be used both to adsorb pollutants from liquid or gaseous streams and to convert them to recyclable products. A highly-developed micropore structure is not required for all uses of activated carbon or a catalyst produced from it. A comparatively inexpensive ($325/ton projected) low surface area (<300 m2/g) carbon has been developed at the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) for cleaning incinerator flue gas. This grade of activated carbon is widely used in Europe for flue gas cleaning and for other applications. Activated carbon adsorbers of some type are required by recently passed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations for municipal waste combustors to control emission of cadmium, mercury, lead, dioxins, furans and acid gases (U.S. EPA, 1995). Similar regulations are expected for hospital and hazardous waste incinerators. The marketing of less costly activated carbons of the type used widely in Europe is expected in the United States. Low cost OAC500-700 made from less expensive grades of activated carbon may become available for large scale adsorbent/catalyst systems designed to both remove and decompose toxic pollutants found in liquid and gaseous streams, chlorinated organic compounds in particular.

ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints↗