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B. K. Holmstrom

Publications and source records attributed to B. K. Holmstrom.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
USGS1982

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Lake Michigan basin, Wisconsin

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Lake Michigan basin are presented. Included are estimates of low-flow frequency at 30 gaging stations, flow duration at 13 gaging stations, and selected low-flow frequency characteristics at 22 low-flow partial-record stations and 123 miscellaneous sites. Equations are provided to estimate low-flow characteristics at sites where one base-flow discharge measurement is available. The equations were determined from multiple-regression analyses that related low-flow characteristics at gaging stations and low-flow partial-record stations to basin characteristics. Drainage area and base-flow index were the most significant characteristics in explaining the variation in low flow for sites where one low base-flow measurement (flow durations greater than 80%) has been made. The equations and corresponding standard errors of estimate are computed. Low-flow characteristics are not well defined in the Lake Michigan basin. Standard errors for low-flow characteristics at gaging stations, low-flow partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites are much higher than State averages. The standard errors for the regression equations are also very high. This is due in part to the flow of many streams in the basin approaching 0 ft/s during low base-flow periods. The graphical regression relation lines are steep for stations on these streams and the resulting standard errors are relatively high. (USGS).

Wisconsin↗
USGS1980

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the St. Croix River basin, Wisconsin

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the St. Croix River basin , Wisconsin, are presented. Included are estimates of low-flow frequency and flow duration at 7 gaging stations, low-flow frequency characteristics at 23 low-flow partial-record stations and 78 miscellaneous sites, and a list of base-flow discharge measurements at 29 miscellaneous sites. Equations are provided to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites and at sites where one base-flow discharge measurement is available. The equations were determined from multiple-regression analyses that related low-flow characteristics at gaging stations and low-flow partial-record stations to basin characteristics. The standard error of estimate is provided for each method of estimating the annual minimum 7-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on the average of once in 2 years and once in 10 years. Standard error provides the user with the expected degree of accuracy for each method. (USGS)

Wisconsin↗
USGS1980

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Menominee-Oconto-Peshtigo River basin, Wisconsin

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Menominee-Oconto-Peshtigo River basin, Wisconsin, are presented. Included are estimates of low-flow frequency at 12 gaging stations, flow duration at 10 gaging stations, and low-flow frequency characteristics at 23 low-flow partial-record stations and 137 miscellaneous sites. Equations are provided to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites and at sites where one base-flow discharge measurement is available. The equations were determined from multiple-regression analyses that related low-flow characteristics at gaging stations and low-flow partial-record stations to basin characteristics. The standard error of estimate is provided for each method of estimating the annual minimum 7-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on the average of once in 2 years and once in 10 years. The standard error of estimate for the 7-day 10-year low flow ranged from 6% to 76% depending on the type of data available. Standard error provides the user with the expected degree of accuracy for each method.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1979

Monthly and annual water budgets of Lake Wingra, Madison, Wisconsin, 1972-77

This report presents estimated annual and monthly water budgets for Lake Wingra and the adjacent wetland area for January 1972 through September 1972. Annually, inputs from precipitation, surface runoff, and groundwater inflow are approximately equal (31, 34, and 35 percent, respectively). Outputs include outflow from the lake into Murphy Creek (70 percent), evapotranspiration from the lake and wetland (26 percent), and ground-water outflow (4 percent). The inputs and outputs vary seasonally. In months when snowmelt occurs, surface runoff is a major input (56 percent in March; 46 percent in April). In fall and winter ground-water inflow is a major input (57 percent in November). Precipitation comprises 41 percent of the input in August but only 18 percent in January. Lake outflow is the major output except from July through September. Combined evaporation and evapotranspiration is a major output in summer (45 to 58 percent) but minor in winter (less than 13 percent). Ground-water outflow is a small part of the budget each month, ranging from 2 percent in March and April to a maximum of 7 percent in September. The water budget is based on field data collected from January 1972 through June 1973, and on fragmentary data and estimates for July 1973 through September 1977. The budget terms differ from those published by Oakes, Hendrickson, and Zuehls (1975, table 10) because springflow has been included in total ground-water inflow and estimated on a monthly basis in this report. Previously only annual estimates were provided.

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USGS1979

Low-flow characteristics of Wisconsin streams at sewage-treatment plants and industrial plants

Low-flow characteristics of Wisconsin streams at 397 sewage-treatment plants and 143 industrial plants in 30 river basins are presented in this report. The low-flow characteristics are the annual minimum 7-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on the average of once in 2 years (Q 7,2 ) and the annual minimum 7-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on the average of once in 10 years (Q 7, 10 ). The low-flow characteristics at most sewage-treatment and industrial plants (project stations) were determined by correlating base-flow measurements at the project stations with the concurrent daily mean flow at continuous-record gaging stations in the area. The Q 7, 2 and Q 7,10 discharges determined by a frequency analysis at the continuous-record gaging stations were used to estimate the Q 7,2 and Q 7,10 at the project stations. For some project stations the low-flow characteristics also were determined by frequency analysis at nearby continuous-record gaging stations or correlation analysis at nearby low-flow partial-record stations. The Q 7, 2 values ranged from 0 to 3,770 ft 3 /s and Q 7, 10 values ranged from 2,790 ft 3 /s. The accuracy of the estimated low-flow characteristics is evaluated according to the type and amount of data used to determine the low-flow characteristics. The accuracy determined by the standard error of estimate for the 10-year low flow (SE 7, 10 )) ranged from an average of 18 percent at continuous-record gaging stations to an average of h6 percent when only three base-flow measurements were available.

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USGS1979

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Trempealeau-Black River basin, Wisconsin

Lov-flov characteristics of streams in the Trempealeau-Black River "basin are presented. Included are estimates of low-flow frequency and flow duration at 9 gaging stations, and low-flow frequency characteristics at 20 low-flow partial-record stations and 119 miscellaneous sites. Ten equations are provided to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites and at sites where one "base-flow discharge measurement is available. The low-flow characteristics determined were the annual minimum T-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on an average of once in 2 years (Qj 2) a>n<3. once in 10 years (Q7 9io)&laquo; The equations were determined from multiple-regression analyses that related the low-flow characteristics at gaging stations and low-flow partial-record stations to basin characteristics. Drainage area, soil-infiltration rate, transmissivity, precipitation, snowfall, and base-flow index were the most significant parameters for these analyses.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1978

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Rock-Fox River basin, Wisconsin

Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Rock-Fox River basin, Wis., include estimates of low-flow frequency ad flow duration at 13 gaging stations; low-flow frequency characteristics at 32 low-flow partial-record stations and 78 miscellaneous sites; and a list of base-flow discharge measurements at 244 miscellaneous sites. Equations are provided to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites and at sites where one base-flow discharge measurement is availabe. The equations were determined from multiple-regression analyses that related low-flow characteristics at gaging stations and low-flow partial-record stations to basin characteristics. The standard error of estimate is provided for each method of estimating the annual minimum 7-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on the aveage of once in 2 years and once in 10 years. Standard error provides the user with the expected degree of accuracy for each method.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1977

Low-flow characteristics at gaging stations on the Wisconsin, Fox, and Wolf rivers, Wisconsin

Low-flow characteristics are presented at eleven gaging stations on the main stem of the Wisconsin, Fox, and Wolf Rivers in this report. The low-flow characteristics presented are the annual minimum 7-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on the average of once in 2 years (Q7, 2) and the annual minimum 7-day mean flow below which the flow will fall on the average of once in 10 years (Q7, I0). To provide accurate and consistent low-flow characteristics for uniform evaluation of waste effluent, a long-term period of streamflow record was used for the analyses. The record selected for the study was 1915-75. This was found to be the most representative that included longterm streamflow conditions and various degrees of regulation by storage reservoirs. The Q7, 10 discharge on the Wisconsin River ranged from lUO cubic feet per second at the Wisconsin River at Rainbow Lake near Lake Tomahawk gaging station to 2,790 cubic feet per second at the Wisconsin River at Muscoda gaging station. On the Fox-Wolf Rivers, the Q7, 10 ranged from 360 cubic feet per second at Fox River at Berlin to 950 cubic feet per second at Fox River at Rapide Croche dam near Wrightstown. Low-flow characteristics that reflect unregulated and regulated conditions on the upper Wisconsin River were compared. This analysis showed no apparent difference in Q7, 10 discharge values due to regulation at the Wisconsin River at Merrill gaging station, although a more detailed study is warranted to fully evaluate the effect of storage. The magnitude of the low-flow characteristics are in some instances affected by the period of record. These characteristics can vary as much as &plusmn;30 percent at some gaging stations depending on whether or not the severe drought of the 1930's was included in the analysis.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1976

Low-Flow Characteristics and Mean Annual Discharge of North Branch Manitowoc River at Potter, Wisconsin

The low-flow characteristics presented in this report are the annual minimum 7-day mean flows at the 2-year recurrence interval and 10-year recurrence interval. They were determined just downstream from the confluence of the three streams forming the North Branch Manitowoc River and, based on natural-flow conditions, are 0.0 cubic foot per second (0.0 cubic metre per second). Observations made in October 1974 showed that the natural discharge of the three streams forming the North Branch Manitowoc River was 0.0 cubic foot per second (0.0 cubic metre per second). A discharge of 0.30 cubic foot per second (0.008 cubic metre per second) was measured in the tributary from Hilbert but this was predominantly effluent from the sewage-treatment plant and a cheese factory in Hilbert. The mean annual discharge for the North Branch Manitowoc River at Potter is 27 cubic feet per second (0.76 cubic metre per second). This was based on the estimated and recorded discharge for June 1, 1974, to May 31, 1975, for the North Branch Manitowoc River at Potter site and an adjustment based on the long-term mean annual discharge at gaging station 04086000, Sheboygan River at Sheboygan.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1975

Low-flow Characteristics of Eau Claire River Basin near Antigo, Wisconsin

This report presents low-flow characteristics at six sites on streams in the Eau Claire River basin near Antigo, Wis., where applications for irrigation permits were made. The low-flow characteristics presented are the annual minimum 7-day mean flows at the 2-year recurrence interval and 10-year recurrence interval. A seepage run made October 10, 1974, showed a substantial gain in discharge from site 2 (3.75 ft3/s [cubic feet per second] or 0.11 m3/s (cubic metres per second) to site 6 (30.6 ft3/s or 0.87 m3/s) on the East Branch Eau Claire River and from site 12 (3.98 ft3/s or 0.11 m3/s) to site 16 (18.1 ft3/s or 0.51 m3/s) on the West Branch Eau Claire River; a fairly constant discharge between sites 6 (30.6 ft3/s or 0.87 m3/s) and 11 (32.3 ft3/s or 0.91 m3/s) on the East Branch and sites 16 (18.1 ft3/s or 0.51 m3/s) and 20 (18.8 ft3/s or 0.53 m3/s) on the West Branch; and a substantial gain in discharge from site 23 (57.3 ft3/s or 1.62 m3/s) to site 24 (63.4 ft3/s or 1.80 m3/s) on the Eau Claire River. A gaging station was established at the downstream potential irrigation site to collect continuous stage and discharge data on streamflow to assist the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in the regulation of irrigation withdrawals.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1975

Streamflow Characteristics of Klawitter Creek Basin near Westfield, Wisconsin

This report presents low-flow characteristics and mean annual discharge for a site on Klawitter Creek, where an application for diversion of streamflow has been made. This information will be used by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources to determine the availability of irrigation water from the stream while maintaining sufficient streamflow to support fish. The study was done in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, as part of the Wisconsin low-flow program.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1974

Low-flow characteristics of Wisconsin streams at sewage-treatment plants

Low-flow characteristics of Wisconsin streams at 415 sewage -treatment plants are presented in this report. The low-flow characteristics presented are the annual minimum 7-day mean flow that occurs on the average of once in 2 years (Q7, 2) and the annual minimum 7 -day mean flow that occurs on the average of once in 10 years (Q7, 10). The low-flow characteristics at most sewage-treatment plants were determined by correlating base-flow measurements at the sewage- treatment plants to the concurrent daily mean flow at continuous-record gaging stations in the area. The Q7, 2 and Q7, 10 discharges determined by a frequency analysis at the continuous-record gaging stations were used to estimate the Q7, 2 and Q7,10 at the sewage-treatment plants. For some sewage-treatment plants the low-flow characteristics were also determined by frequency analysis at nearby continuous -record gaging stations or correlation analysis at nearby low-flow, partial-record stations. The accuracy of the estimated low-flow characteristics is evaluated according to the type and amount of data available used to determine the low-flow characteristics. The accuracy determined by the standard error of estimate for the 10-year low flow (SE10) ranged from 18 percent at continuous -record gaging stations to 70 percent when only three base-flow measurements were available. The SE10 of 70 percent is larger than anticipated when the project was initiated. This was the result of extremely poor base-flow conditions during the 2-year data-collection period.

Wisconsin↗
USGS1973

Hydrologic characteristics of Alder Creek, Iron County, Wisconsin

The purpose of this study was to determine the hydrologic characteristics of Alder Creek, Iron County, Wisconsin, which are needed by water-resource planners to evaluate a reservoir site proposed by the Whitecap Mountain Corporation on Alder Creek. The hydrologic characteristics estimated were the mean flows, low flows, flood peaks, suspended-sediment discharge, and depth to bedrock. Also included is an estimate of the time required to fill the proposed reservoir. The study was done in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

Wisconsin↗