A. P.K. Siren | Geology Reports

USGS2025

SiMPL wildlife magnets: A camera trap tool for detecting all creatures great and small

We created the SiMPL wildlife magnet—a baited camera trap design that allows passive monitoring of wildlife, particularly small- to medium-sized mammals. The SiMPL wildlife magnet is inexpensive and easy to construct. To evaluate its effectiveness, we conducted a two-year case study using 9 camera stations along an elevation gradient in the White Mountains of the northeastern United States. We examined how the detection probability of mammal species changed with the inclusion of a SiMPL wildlife magnet using data from pre-and post-establishment. We found a significant increase in community-level detection probability with the use of SiMPL wildlife magnets and for individual species, including red squirrels ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ), American marten ( Martes americana ), and fisher ( Pekania pennanti ). Moreover, we were able to capture more species with SiMPL wildlife magnets than without, including flying squirrels ( Glaucomys spp.), various rodents ( Cricetidae spp.), black bears ( Ursus americanus ), moose ( Alces alces ), owls, and other birds. The SiMPL wildlife magnet is an effective, low-cost method for surveying wildlife communities, especially rodents and mesocarnivores. It addresses the limited field of view presented by other techniques for capturing small mammals on camera traps and enables efficient collection of phenology data, including vegetation and snowpack. This tool has several applications, including monitoring species' responses to management practices and global change.

Ecology and Evolution↗

USGS2025

Snow refugia: Managing temperate forest canopies to maintain winter conditions

Climate change is reducing snowpack across temperate regions with negative consequences for human and natural systems. Because forest canopies create microclimates that preserve snowpack, managing forests to support snow refugia—defined here as areas that remain relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time that sustain snow quality, quantity, and/or timing appropriate to the landscape—could reduce climate change impacts on snow cover, sustaining the benefits of snow. We review the current understanding of how forest canopies affect snow, finding that while closed-conifer forests and snow interactions have been extensively studied in western North America, there are knowledge gaps for deciduous and mixed forests with dormant season leaf loss. We propose that there is an optimal, intermediate zone along a gradient of dormant season canopy cover (DSCC; the proportion of the ground area covered by the canopy during the dormant season), where peak snowpack depth and the potential for snow refugia will be greatest because the canopy-mediated effects of snowpack sheltering (which can preserve snowpack) outweigh those of snowfall interception (which can limit snowpack). As an initial test of our hypothesis, we leveraged snowpack measurements in the northeastern United States spanning the DSCC gradient (low, <25% DSCC; medium, 25%–50% DSCC; and high, >50% DSCC), including from 2 sites in Old Town, Maine; 12 sites in Acadia National Park, Maine; and 30 sites in the northern White Mountains of New Hampshire. Medium DSCC forests (typically mature mixed coniferous–deciduous forests) exhibited the deepest peak snowpacks, likely due to reduced snowfall interception compared to high DSCC forests and reduced snowpack loss compared to low DSCC forests. Many snow accumulation or snowpack studies focus on the contrast between coniferous and open sites, but our results indicate a need for enhanced focus on mixed canopy sites that could serve as snow refugia. Measurements of snowpack depth and timing across a wider range of forest canopies would advance understanding of canopy–snow interactions, expand the monitoring of changing winters, and support management of forests and snow-dependent species in the face of climate change.

Ecosphere↗